TOR 



T O S 



ToRTURA, a word appropriated by many medical wTiters, 

 to exprefs only the diftortions of the face, and particularly 

 of the mouth, in convulfions. 



TORTURE, a grievous pain inflifted on a criminal, or 

 perfon accufud, to make him confefs the truth. 



The forms of torture are different in different countries. 

 In fome they ufe water, in others iron, in fome the wheel 

 or rack, in fome the boot, thumbkins, &c. See Rack, 

 Boot, &c. 



Torture, fays archdeacon Paley, (Principles of Mor. 

 and Pol. Philof. vol. ii. ) is applied, either to obtain con- 

 feflions of guilt, or to exafperate or prolong the pains of 

 death. No bodily punifhment, however excruciating or 

 long continued, receives the name of torture, unlefs it be 

 defigned to kill the criminal by a more lingering death, or 

 to extort from him the difcovery of fome fecret, which is 

 fuppofed to lie concealed in his breaft. The qtie/lion by 

 torture appears to be equivocal in its effefts ; for fince ex- 

 tremity of pain, and not any conicioufnefs of remorfe in the 

 Blind, produces thofe effefts, an innocent man may fink 

 under the torture, as foon as the guilty. The latter has 

 as much to fear from yielding as the former. The inilant 

 and almoft irrefiftible defire of relief may draw from one 

 fufferer falfe accufations of himfelf or others, as it may 

 fometimes extraft the truth out of another. This ambi- 

 guity renders the ufe of torture, as a means of procuring 

 information in criminal proceedings, liable to the riilc of 

 grievous and irreparable injuftice. For which reafon, 

 though recommended by ancient and general example, it 

 has been properly exploded from the mild and cautious 

 fyftem of penal jurifprudence eftablifhed in this country. 

 The enlightened and liberal fpirit of modern times has ex- 

 cluded torture from moft. other countries in Europe ; and 

 the revival of it in any nation reflefts indelible reproach 

 on the government which countenances it. 



The torture, fays M. Bruyere, is a fure expedient to de- 

 ftroy an innocent perfon of a vv'eak complexion, and to fave 

 a criminal of a robuft one. It was a noble faying of an 

 ancient, " They who can bear the torture will die, and alfo 

 they who cannot bear it." 



The marquis Beccaria (chap. l6. ) with exquifite raillery 

 propofes this problem : the force of the mufcles and the 

 fenfibility of the nerves of an innocent perfon being given, 

 it is required to find the degree of pain neceffary to make 

 him confefs himfelf guilty of a given crime. 



TORTYRA, in Ancient Geography, the name of one of 

 the feven towns which Cyrus gave to his favourite Pytha- 

 reus, fuppofed to be in the environs of Afia Minor. 

 Athenaeus. 



TORUP, in Geography, a tovi'n of Sweden, in the pro- 

 vince of Halland ; 12 miles N.N.E. of Halmftad. 



TORUS, in Architeaure. See Tore. 



Torus, in Botany and Vegetable Phyjiology, a name ap- 

 plied by Mr. Sahfbury to what is termed by Linnxus either 

 the receptacle of the flower, or a glandular neftary furround- 

 ing the bafe of the germen. Juffieu and his followers call 

 xdifcus hypogynus, alluding to its form, as well as fituation. 

 The word torus is very deicriptive, as exprefling the frequent 

 refemblance of the part in queftion to what ufually fuilains 

 an architectural column, and it is certainly preferable to the 

 compound appellation juft mentioned. A very curious 

 lobed and plaited torus may be feen in Cobdsa, but we be- 

 lieve it to be ftriftly a glandular neftary. Mr. Brown's 

 natural order of Epacridee contains fome genera with five 

 feparate glands, of a like nature, mdubitably ( in our opinion ) 

 neftariferous ; and others with an uninterrupted annular 

 neftifareous di(k, or torus, under the germen. It does not 



follow, becaufe Linnasus has fometimes mifapplicd the term 

 neiiar'ium, that there is no fuch thing in nature ; but his 

 opponents have wiflied to obfcure and invalidate that term, 

 becaufe he has in general, with fo much originality and fuc- 

 cefs, employed it for the clear and concife difcrimination of 

 genera. This difplays a want of candour, unbecoming 

 difinterefted ftudents and admirers of Nature. 



Torus, in Ancient Geography, a moimtain of Sicily, 

 between Heraclea and Agrigentum. 



TORUSCULA, a word ufcd by fome medical writers 

 to exprefs a drop. 



TORY. See Tories. 



Tory IJland, in Geography, an ifland lying north of 

 Bloody Farland Point, in the county of Donegal, about 

 61 miles from the main land. It is faid to be extremely 

 fertile. 



TORYNE, in Pharmacy, the name of a kind of fpatula 

 intended for flirring up the ingredients of decoftions while 

 boiling. 



TORYNETOS, a name given by fome to a mixture of 

 bread and water boiled together, whether meant as a kind 

 of a panada, or for a poultice. 



TORZA, in Geography, a town of Perfia, in the province 

 of Irak ; 40 miles E. of Haniadan. 



TORZOK, a town of Ruffia, in the government of 

 Tver, on the Tvertza ; 40 miles W.N.W. of Tver. N. lat. 

 57°. E. long. 35° 14'. See Tokshok. 



TOSA, a fea-port town of Spain, in the province ©f 

 Catalonia ; 23 miles S.S.E. of Gerona. N. lat. 41° 43'. 



E. long. 2° 48' Alfo, a river of Italy, which ruiis into 



lake Maggiore ; 4 miles N.E. of Omegna. — Alfo, a town 

 of Japan, capital of a province of the ifland of Xicoco, 

 on the fouth coaft. N. lat. 33° 40'. E. long. 134° 50'. 



TOSALE, in Ancient Geography, a town of India, on 

 the other fide of the Ganges, and near it, which had the 

 title of metropolis. Ptolemy. 



TOSANLU, in Geography, a river of Natolia, which 

 waters the city of Tocat, and afterwards joins the Jekil- 

 ermak. It was anciently called Lycus- 



TOSA RC AN, a town of Perfia, in the province of 

 Irak ; 21 miles S. of Hamadan. 



TOSCANELLA, a town of the Popedom, in the 

 Patrimonio, the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of Viterbo ; 9 

 miles W.S.W. of Viterbo. N. lat. 42° 24'. E. long. 

 11° 52'. 



TOSCANELLI, Paolo, in Biography, an eminent 

 aftronomer, was born at Florence in 1397. Dechning the 

 profeffion of his father, who was a phyfician, he devoted 

 himfelf to the rtudy of geometry and aftronomy, and alfo 

 of the Latin and Greek languages. He was one of the 

 curators of Niccoh's library, and converfant with the folar 

 motions. He correfted the aftronomical tables of Alphonfo 

 and the Arabians. Of his aftronomical tables he left a 

 memorial in the great dial fixed upon the metropolitan 

 church at Florence, erefted about the year 1468. He 

 died in 1482, at the age of 85. 



TOSCOLANO, in Geography, a town of Italy, in the 

 department of the Benaco, on a fmall river which runs 

 into lake Garda. Here is a manufacture of cloth, with 

 fome paper and iron-mills ; 6 miles E.N.E. of Salo. 



TOSENA, a town of Sweden, in Weft Gothland ; 20 

 miles W.N.W. of Uddevalla. 



TOSI, Giuseppe Felice, of Bologna, in Biography, 

 maeftro di capella at Venice the latter end of the 17th 

 century, and compofer of five operas for that city between 

 the years 1684 and 1690. (Gloria della Poefia.) Befide 

 thefe dramas, he compofed others for Bologna. His name, 

 I 2 however. 



