T O U 



T O U 



111 J the *1 yrol melt per fc into a black frothy flag. That of 

 Bra7.il forms only a brittle fcoria. Bergman's EIT. by 

 CuUen, vol. ii. p. 120, &c. 1784. Kirwan's Elem. Mineral, 



p. 131. 



The red-coloured tourmaline from Siberia is regarded by 

 fome miiiTalogifts as a diftinft fpecies ; it differs from other 

 tourmalines in being infulible : it has been denominated 

 rubeUilf, (which fee.) The indigo-blue variety of tour- 

 maline has been called by Karften and Dendrada ?av'!nrli- 

 tolhe. 



The tourmaline occurs imbedded in gneifs, mica-flate, 

 taleous flate, and talc. It is fometimes found in granite. 

 It is found in rolled pieces in alluvial ground ; it was firft 

 difcovered in the ifland of Ceylon in the i6th century. 

 It has fince been found in various alpine diftriAs of Eui'ope 

 and Aha, in the ifland of Madagalcar, and in North and 

 South. America. 



The tourmaline may be diftinguifhed from common fchorl 

 by its colour; the latter is always black. The frafture in 

 common fchorl is fmall-grained and imeven, that of tour- 

 maline conchoidal. The opacity of common fchorl is al- 

 ways greater than that of tourmaline. It differs from 

 common atid bafaltic hornblende in its ftrufture, that of 

 the latter being diftinftly foliated. The following names 

 have been given to different varieties of tourmaline. 



Green tourmaline named Brafdian emerald 



Berlin blue - - Brafilian fapphire. 



Indigo-blue - - Indicolite. 



Honey-yellow - - Peridot of Ceylon. 



Red - - 



f Rubelhte, fiberite, and 

 \ tourmaline apyre. 



In the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at 

 Berlin for 1780, we have the following direftions by 

 Mr. Margraaf, for forming a compofition fimilar to the 

 tourmaline. Take magnefia, or that earth which is the 

 bafis of the fal catharticus amarus ; mix it with chalk, 

 which has been diffoWed in fpirit of nitre, and precipitated 

 from thence by a folution of fait of tartar, and then well 

 ediJcorated ; add to this mixture equal quantities of flint 

 and clay (taking a fcruple of each of the four ingredients), 

 and four grains of the precipitate of fublimate of fufible 

 fpar, or what is here called the fluor cruft, /'. e. the earth, 

 which is not only fublimed from the fluor or Derbyfiiire. 

 fpar, on heating it with oil of vitriol, but may alfo be pre- 

 cipitated from thence, and from the acid Hquor in the re- 

 ceiver, by the addition of a folution of fait of tartar. 



To two drachms of the above mixture add five grains of 

 crocus martis, calcined according to the method of Kunckel, 

 during four months, in a glafs-houfe furnace, and the refult 

 will be the formation of a vitreous ftone, fimilar to the 

 tourmaline. 



TOURMENTINE, in Geography, a town of France, 

 in the department of the Maine and Loire ; 6 miles N.N.E. 

 of Chollet. 



TOURN, in La-^. See Turn. 



TOURNAMENT. See Turn.^ment. 



TOURNAN, in Geography, a town of France, in the 

 department of the Seine and Marne ; 13 miles N. of 

 Melun. 



TOURNAY, a city of France, in the department of 

 Jemappe, on the Scheld, confidered as the mofl: ancient 

 town of Belgic Gaul, being founded 600 years B.C., and 

 anciently the capital of the Nervii. It was lately the capi- 

 tal of a diftrift to which it gave name, and the fee of a 

 bifliop, erefted in the fifth century. This city has often 

 been taken and laid wafte in the different wars between the 



French, Englifh, r^nd Flemings. By the peace of Abc-ia- 

 Chapelle it was ceded to France, and made one of the 

 befl; fortified towns in Flanders. In 1709, prince Eugene 

 and the duke of Marlborough invefted Tournav, and be- 

 fieged it in form. The town capitulated, bjing in want of 

 provifions. The citadel held out till the 3d of SeptemVer, 

 when the garrifon furrendcred prifoners of war. By the 

 peace of Utrecht, in the year 17 13, the States-General 

 remained mailers of the military, and the emperor of the 

 civil government. In 1745, after the battle of Fontenoy, 

 it was taken by the French, but ceded to tlie Auftrians, by 

 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. The late emperor 

 Jofeph' ordered tlie fortifications to be defl:roycd. In 1792 

 an attion took place between the Auftrians and the French 

 near Tournay, in which M. Dillon commanded the latter ; 

 and being fufpefted of treachery, was murdered at Lille 

 by the fuldiers. On the loth of May, 1794, the duke of 

 York was affailed near Tournay by the republican forces, 

 in different columns, to the amount of 30,000 men ; but 

 they were compelled to; retreat. In 1794, on the general 

 evacuation of Flanders by the allies, the French entered 

 Tournay, where they found 20 guns fpiked, 10,000 muflcet- 

 balls, a large quantity of gunpowder, feveral magazines, 

 and 14 ba'"ges laden with ammunition ; 3 polls E. of Lille. 

 N. lat. 50° 35'. E. long. 3° 25'. 



Tournay, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Pyrenees ; 9 miles S.E. of Tarbes. 



TOURNE-COUPE-EN-BIGORRE, a town of 

 France, in the department of the Gers ; 9 miles S.E. of 

 Lettoure. 



TOURNEFORT, Jo.seph Pitton de, in Biography, 

 the great leader of the French fchool of botany, of whom 

 we have fpoken (fee RiviNU.s) as one of the three moft 

 diftinguifhed fyftematic writers of the age preceding Lm- 

 mus, was born of a gentleman's family at Aix, in Pro- 

 vence, June 5th, 1656. His mother, Ademara Fagouc, 

 was of a Parifian family, likewife, in the French fenfe, 

 noble. Being deftined by his parents for the church, he 

 was educated at the Jefuits' college of his native town ; but 

 he foon imbibed a tafte for natural knowledge, which led 

 him at the age of 21, on the death of his father, to change 

 his original deftination, for the profeffion of phyfic. This 

 latter indeed was but fubfervient to a moft ardent devotion 

 for botanic fcience, which ever after made the objeft and 

 the happinefs of his life. Not that his education, in other 

 refpefts, was neglefted ; for he proved a good fcholar, well 

 grounded in the ftudies neceffary to his medical profeffion, 

 particularly anatomy and chemiftry, and no lefs verfed in 

 hiftorical and critical knowledge ; infomuch that he be- 

 came an elegant writer and lefturer, as happy in his powers 

 of communicating, as of acquiring, information. His per- 

 fonal charafter, manners, and addrefs were alfo fuch as to 

 prove a general recommendation in his favour through life. 



Having foon exhaufted the botanical riches of a phyfic- 

 garden at Aix, and of the circumjacent fields, he extended 

 his refearches to the neighbouring Alps, and afterwards to 

 the Pyrenees, where his hardy frame of body, and his ob- 

 ferving enterprifing mind, rendered eafy to him the acqui- 

 fition of the principal vegetable ftores of thofe romantic 

 and fertile regions. Even the thievifh and lawlefs hordes, 

 which fo often infcft the borders of kingdoms, and which 

 then abounded in the Pyrenean faftneffes, were fcarcely 

 formidable to a traveller, whofe only riches were dried 

 plants, and whofe oftenfible provifion for his journey con- 

 fifted of a little black bread, in which he concealed his 

 money. The intermediate winters between his feverid 

 vifits to Dauphiny, Savoy, Catalonia, the Pyrenees, &c. 



were 



