T O U 



left jMidone, he is the father of the French fchool of botany, 

 and the traces of his principles, either confirmed, improved, 

 or fuperfeded by die labours of other teachers, are coufpi- 

 cjous in the works of his dillin^ifhed followers Vaillant, 

 Lamarck, and the Juflieus. With the feelings of the firft 

 of thefe, as Vaillant could not but be fenfible that, in fome 

 important points, he had the advantage of his great prede- 

 ceflbr, foniewhat of confcious fuperiority, not inconfiftent 

 with jealoufy, was often intermixed, and too often betrayed. 

 But the others, living at too remotg a period from their idol 

 to confider him otherwife than as the glory of their country, 

 have made him ample amends in identifj-ing his fame with 

 that of France itfeLf. The moil valuable improvements, not 

 only in claffification, but in nomenclature, were, for a long 

 time, not permitted to encroach even on the neghgences or 

 errors of Toumefort. The national fpirit of the French 

 fHll renders this illiberal principle facred. The homage long 

 given to Tournefort is now transferred to Juffieu. The 

 term of U-z^-naturc is applied to the Linnscan fjftem, as if 

 his own were entirely a natural one, and as if what the great 

 Swedifh botanift modefUy called fragments of a natural 

 fcheme of arrangement, were not, in fad, the bafis of the 

 bed part of Juflieu's. The mifchief of thefe exclufive par- 

 tialities is, that the really valuable improvements in fcience, 

 which originate in other fchools, are too much neglected by 

 the pupils of the Parifian one. In clear difcrimination, and 

 concife definition, in lucid order, elegant and clafljcal ter- 

 minology and nomenclature, in judicious combination, as 

 oppofed to faftidious and indifcriminate diftinftion, they ge- 

 nerally, and fometimes very remarkably, fail. Tf any of 

 them fhould deign to perufe this criticifm, may they difarm 

 it by correfting the imperfeftions to which it alludes ! Ri- 

 vallhip in fcience or philofophy ought only to lead to mutual 

 improvement ; for he who will learn nothing from an adver- 

 fary, does but render apparent one difcreditable caufe of his 

 own imperfeftions. Touniefort's Works. Hall. Bibl. 

 Bot. S. 



TOURNEFORTIA, in Botany, bears that name in 

 commemoration of the great French botanift, of whom we 

 have given an account in the preceding article. This genus, 

 founded by Plumier, was called by him Pittonia, after the 

 family name of the perfon commemorated. Linnzus altered 

 it, according to his own rule, of retaining the appellation by 

 which that perfon was moft known. So he preferred Hip- 

 pocratea to the Coa of Plumier, and Thcophrajla to his 

 Erejia. French writers have fubfequently acceded to this 



decifion Linn. Gen. 78. Schreb. 104. Willd. Sp. PI. 



V. I. 791. Mart. Mill. Dift. v. 4. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. i. 

 303. Brown Prodr. Nov. HoU. v. i. 496. Juff. 129. 

 Lamarck Illuftr. t. 95. Poiret in Lam. Dift. v. 5. 355. 

 Gaertn. t. 76. (Pittonia; Plum. Gen. 5. t. 3.) — Clafs 

 and order, Pmtandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. JlfperifoUe, 

 Linn. Eorraginee, Juff. 



Gen. Ch. Co!. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, fmall, in five 

 deep, awl-(haped, permanent fegments. Cor. of one petal, 

 funnel-fhaped ; tube cylindrical, globoi'e at the bottom ; 

 limb fpreading, divided half way down into five pointed, ho- 

 rizontal fegments. Stam. Filaments five, awl-ihaped, in the 

 throat of the corolla ; anthers fimple, within the orifice of 

 the tube, converging, pointed. Pijl. Germen fuperior, glo- 

 bofe ; ftyle fimple, the length of the ftamens, club-fhaped ; 

 ftigma bare, umbonate. Peric. Berry globofe, of two cells, 

 perforated by two pores at the fummit. Seeds four, nearly 

 ovate, feparated by pulp. 



Eff. Ch. Corolla fimnel-fhaped, with a naked throat. 

 Stamens in the tube. Stigma umbonate. Berry fuperior, 

 of two cells. Seeds two in each cell. 



T O U 



A tropical genus of ereft or twining (hrubs, with fimple, 

 undivided, alternate, rough, hairy, or filky, rarely fmooth, 

 leaves. The flowers are numerous, moftly white or blueiih, 

 in denfe, recurved, unilateral, often cymofe, fpikes, without 

 bracleas. Berries white, blueifh or black. In habit, this 

 genus comes neareft to Heliotropium ; Messerschmidia 

 is united to it by Mr. Brown. ( See thofe articles. ) In the 

 true Tournefortie, according to that learned botarjil, the 

 herry has only two feeds, or nuts, each with two cells. 

 To thefe belong the Mejferjchmid'ix., and Heltotr opium gnapha- 

 lodss of Linnaeus. In T. h'trjutijfima, the lerry has four 

 fimple, or fingle-kemelled, fetd:, and a ftraight embryo. 

 In 7*. •uolubills of Linnseus, and/candens of Solander, to which 

 we may add fer'uea of Vahl, the fegments of the corolla aie 

 awl-fhaped, the berry with four fimple yi'^d^r, of which two or 

 three are often abortive, and a curved embryo. Mr. Brown 

 would feparate all thefe from Tournefortia, but whether the 

 hirfuttffima fhould form a diftinft genus from the fpecies 

 with awl-fhaped fegments of the corolla, he is doubtful. 

 A confideration of the genera Onofma and Cerinthe, to fay 

 nothing of others of this fame order, makes us doubtful 

 whether the number of parts, or cells, in the fruit, or rather 

 the greater or lefs union of thofe parts, can here make a 

 generic diftinftion. We fubmit it to the re -confideration of 

 our learned friend ; and in the meanwhile we fhall attempt a 

 difplay of all the fpecies of Tournefortia, of which Linnaeus 

 and Willdenow have given but a very incomplete hft. 

 Poiret in Lamarck's Dift. has added feveral to the number, 

 but we poffefs fome, even from Commerfon's collection, 

 which are not to be referred to any of his. Some of the 

 defcribed ones have not come under our infpeftion, and the 

 hiftory of others is much confufed, but we hope to leave the 

 fubjeft, if not fully elucidated, at leafl in a clearer ftate than 

 we find it. — T. humilis, Linn. Sp. PI. 202, belongs, according 

 to Mr. Brown, to Heliotropium. See that article. 



1. T. ferrata. Greater Serrated Tournefortia. Linn. 

 Sp. PI. 201. Willd. n. I. (Pittonia arborefcens, cha- 

 maedrifolia major; Plum. Ic. 224. t. 228. f. I. Varronia 

 mirabiloides ; Poiret in Lam. Dift. v. 4. 262.) — Leaves 

 ovate, ferrated, on fpinefcent footftalks. Spikes recurved, 



on axillary ftalks, longer than the leaves Native of the 



Weft Indies, where it was found by Plumier, from whofe 

 figure alone it is known to ns. Thejlem is faid to be arbo- 

 relcent, with round zigzag branches. Leaves about two 

 inches long, ftrongly ferrated, on ftalks nearly an inch in 

 length, each with a joint about the middle, where the ftalk 

 feems finally to feparate, the lower part hardening into a 

 fpiae. Flozver-fialls axillary, fohtary, each bearing three 

 recurved ^ifj-, of numerous, large fellile Jlotuers, the Umb 

 of whofe corolla is undulated, an inch in diameter. Berry 

 the fize of a pea, globofe, undivided. Poiret fays it is red. 

 If his plant from Hifpaniola be the fame, this fpecies muft 

 be removed to Varronia, which is rendered probable by the 

 afpeft of its corolla. 



2. T. chamedrifolia. Leffer Serrated Tournefortia — 

 (T. ferrata ^; Linn. Sp. PI. 201. Willd. n. i. Pittonia 

 arborefcens, chamasdrifoha minor ; Plum. Ic. 224. t. 228. 

 f. 2.) — Leaves oblong, ferrated, on recurved fpinefcent 



footftalks. Spikes capital, terminal For this alfo our 



only authority is Plumier, who gathered it in fome part of 

 the Weft Indies. It appears to differ effentially from the 

 former, in the charafters above given, as well as its much 

 fmaller fize. The Jlo-wers however are nearly as large, but 

 much fewer, with partial^a/ij, which become very confpi- 

 cuous as the fruit ripens. Their corolla is reprefented very 

 regularly crenate, rather than undulated, but indicates a 

 Varronia, as well as that of the foregoing. 



3T. 



