T O U 



T O U 



Thefe are all jiaaxs of the tender kmd, which confta&Uy 

 Cand IB need of tbe heat of the ftove ia this '-<im»tf 



Tbej afibrd variety ia fiore c<^le&icii<., amoag others in 

 pots. moftiT retzinii^ their lexres tbe yesr round. 



TOL'RN'EHEM, im Geagrt^iy, a town of France, in 

 the depaitment of the Straits of Calais ; 9 miles N.W. of 

 St. Omer. 



TOURNEMINE, Rese-Joseph de, in Bsogr^piy, 2 

 learned Jeftrit, was bom at Reanes in 1661, entered among 

 tbe Jelints in 1680, aad took all the vows of their order in 

 1695. In 1701 he refided in the JefuitscoDegeat Paris, for 

 the convenience of condnding and fuperintending the jour- 

 sal of Tievonx, or " MenKHres ponr fcrvir a I'Hilloire des 

 Sciences et des beanx Arts," printed at Trevoux, and 

 periodically pubUflied firom 1701 to 1767, when it feU with 

 the fociety. In 1718, Toumemine was made Hhxarian of 

 the Jefoits library, in the profefied hoofe of tbe Cociecy, 

 where he died in 1739, at the age of feventy.eigfat years. 

 ToameiBiae publiihed feme other works of lefs note. 

 Moreri. 



TOURNEUR, Peter le, bora at Valogne, ia Kor- 

 Bandy, in 17^6, gained prizes at ^lontauban and Befancon 

 tot his literary pieces, which were rejsinted ac Paris, and 

 admired on account of their philolophic fpirit and doqaenoe. 

 Bat he was brought moce into notice by his free tranilatioa 

 of Yoong's " Night Thoughts," which being &vourably 

 rec-ived, was followed with tranilatioas of " Herrev'a Me- 

 ditations ;" « Tbe Life of Savage ;" " Ofll^ and other 

 Gaelic Poems ;" a great part of the " UntverM Hidory ;" 

 « Shakfpeare ;" « Clariflk ;" and other works. Thefe 

 tzanflatkns are infrodnced by prefaces, abounding with bold 

 aad interefting ideas. Hit praiies of Shakfpeare provoked 

 'varioos attacks, and particolarly from Vcdtase. Le Toor- 

 ■enr, who died in 173S, is represented as ooe of the mildeft 

 and Eott amiable of men. Noov. DiA. Hifi. 



TOURNIQUET, Fr. firom fignnur, /s /am, a machine, 

 or inftrumeat, employed in the pradice of Smrgery, in order 

 to ftop bleeding. It is only applicable, however, to the 

 Kmbs, and its afe is merely intended to be temporary, that 

 b to fay, until fome more permanent method of checking the 

 hemorrhage can be pra&fed. Thus, in the operation of 

 ampatatioB, the toaraiqtet is applied with a view of prerent- 

 ing the lofe of blood, wfaidt would otherwile happen before 

 the ibrgeoQ had done with the knife and the law, and before 

 he coaU p<^lbly devote his attention to the hgatore of the 

 arterje?. But it is never put on tightly with & detign of 

 being left any confiderable time in this way, as the cooftric- 

 tioo fmxiuced would inevitably bring on nKHti&atioo. 

 Sometimes, after amputations, operations for anenriiiais, 

 and in cafes of wounds, it is left Ioo£dy upon the fimb, fo 

 tlet, in the event of a fudden hemoirh^e, it may be 

 tightened in an inftant. Here, however, the furgeon does 

 not regard it as the principal means by which the bleeding 

 is to be ftopped ; but fimply as a temporary affiftance, nntfl 

 an opportunity has been afiixded of fecming the bkeding 

 veffeb in another way. 



When hemonfaage takes place fitxmi a large artery in 

 one of the Umbc, where the veflel can be convenientlv com- 

 preffed above the wound in it, a toormquet, judicioufly 

 applied, never fails in putting an immediate ftop to the 

 blaeding. 



Before the invention of this inftmment, which did not take 

 place till the latter part of the feventeenth century, furgery 

 was really a very defedrre art. No important operation 

 codd be imdataken on the extremities without placin? the 

 patient ia the moft imminent peril ; and the want of the aid 

 afforded by the tourniquet made many wounds mortal which 



otherwife would not have been attpnded with the leafi 

 danger. 



Perh^swe are not juftified in ftating that the tonrci: „.- 

 was not invented till the late period above fpecified ; ar. i : i 

 might be more coned to lay, that it has been ated v- -•. 

 rude and imperSed manner ever fince furgeoas have k::.'<- 

 that the flow of blood through a limb may be conuiur. it .^ 

 by preffure. For when a fimple band was tightly app-:: i 

 round a limb, in arder to ftop bleeding, it was, ra f? — . '' 

 kind of toomiqaet. The records of furgery, ;• 

 form OS, that tJie cdd fargeoo* ofed to furroocc 

 with a bond, with vrfuch they made fuch a degree o: : - 

 ftnoion, that the circulation was quite ftopped. T-r:- 

 prartitinners aUb believed, that the preffure of the band «-a$ 

 adranta^aoos in bentmibing the Umb, and moderatmg the 

 pain of operations. 



The violent pain and coatnfioo, however, which this fort 

 of toomiqaet occafioced, were frequently f<dk>wed by 

 (louglung and ^fcefi^ and therefore furgeoos endeavoured 

 to devife fome other method of checking hemorrii^e. Tr ; 

 appUcaticHi of the circular band was firft improved, £0 ::.:'. 

 it caufed lels pain and kft mifchief to the {kin. The 1:~ ; 

 was farrooDded with a very thick cfHnjHels, over r^'- - - 

 band was pbced. Two {inall flicks were next pu: 

 band, one on the isfide, the other on the ontL : 

 limb ; and they were twifled till the band was lecc 

 ciently tight. It is in this manoer, lays Dien'- - > 

 Treatife on the Operatioos of Surgery, that carrier; -.:.;: 

 the cmds vrhichfidften the baksof goods in t'-.r r ci- . A 

 French fargeon namedMorel is (aid to haxe ~-.z- ::-.: f_-.". 

 improvement in the appBcatkw of toumiqnets. 



Althon^ in the Armamentarinm Chinirgicam of Scul- 

 tetus, there is aa engraving of a machine invented by this 

 author for comjHefBng the radial artery by ^nrrxn<. of a (crew, 

 M. Petit is umverfally allowed to be the firft who brought 

 the tonmiquet to perfeSim, by combining the circular bond 

 with a fcrnr, in fndh a manner, that tlK greateft p s effuie 

 operates on the principal artery. It was in 171S that he 

 {Kefisted his improved inftrmnent to the Academy of 

 SdeoceS. It coninfts of two pieces of wood, one of which 

 is fuperior, the other inferior. The inferior piece is about 

 four inches and a half long, and nearly tvro broad. Its 

 under fbr&ce is fomevrfaat concave, vrhile its upper one is a 

 little convex ; and the ends are hollowed out. From as 

 middle part ^'es a round eminence, about frven lines 

 high, and eight and a half broad. The fupsior piece 

 is almoft the fame as the inferior, but rather (hoiter. The 

 eminence which alicends from its middle part is fix hues high, 

 and an inch and a tulf in diameter. This eminence is boDow 

 vrithin, and calculated to receive a wooden fcrew, the top of 

 vrhich is a fort of button for turning the fcrew. The 

 grooves <rf Petit's fcrew were about four or five, and each 

 of them four hnes in diameter, in qrder that a haff-ttuD 

 might jmtdnce the neceflary efieS. Laftly, aD the peces 

 of the in flium ott were fafleced together vrith an iroa pin, 

 vrhicj) went throngfa the imAMe- aS the two pieces of vrood, 

 and through the whole length of the fcrew. TIbs iron pin 

 vras rivetted under the inferur pece, and at the top of tbe 

 button ; in fuch a manner, however, that the fcrew wss ca- 

 pable of tumittg on it as cw a pivot. 



In order to apply this tourniquet, the limb is to be for- 

 roonded with a double ftrap, about four finger-brea dth s 

 vride, and made of chamms lecher, which is the fofteft ma- 

 terial that can be ufed. To one end of the ftrap a fmall 

 douUe eu&ioo is fafteoed, of the fame length and bteadth 

 as the knver piece of the toomiqaet. A narrow comprefis, 

 or cyfcdrical pad, b alfo tequifite, for the purpofe of eom- 



prd&Bg 



