T O U 



T O U 



preffing the track of the veflels. This comprefs confifts of 

 a very firm roll of liHen, covered with chamois leather. The 

 ends of a piece of tape are fewed to the outer part of the 

 pad, and thus the tape leaves a paflage for the leather ftrap. 

 By this artifice, the pad can be moved to any fituation on the 

 llrap which may be mod convenient, according to the bulk 

 of the limb. The middle of the tape is to be failened to the 

 outfide of the leather ilrap. The cylindrical comprefs, or 

 pad, is to be put over the courfe of the veflels. The double 

 cu/hion is to be placed on the oppofite fide of the member, 

 while the leather ftrap is to furround the limb in a circular 

 manner. All the different pieces of the apparatus are next 

 to be retained by the tape, which is to be tied at the fide 

 of the cufhion. 



The tourniquet is now to be put over the cufhion, on that 

 fide of the limb which is furtheft from the track of the large 

 veffels, and is to be faflened in this fituation by a double 

 band, with a hole in it for the reception of the upper part of 

 the fcrew. 



In order to make proper comprefilon, the fcrew is to be 

 half turned round from the right to the left. The upper 

 piece of the tourniquet becoming now further from the lower 

 one, the double band draws the pad, and preffes it againfl 

 the veffels, fo as to make the due degree of compreffion 

 ; for flopping the flow of blood through the main arteries. 



The following are the advantages attending the ufe of 



Petit's tourniquet, i. It compretTes the lateral parts of the 



limb lefs than the tourniquet previoufly in ufe. 2. It requires 



the aid of no alTiftant either to hold, tighten, or loofen it. 



i 3. The operator is able of himfelf to ftop the flow of blood 



I through the artery by means of the fcrew. 4. When there 



; is any danger of hemorrhage after an operation, this kind of 



; tourniquet may be left on the limb ; and in cafe of bleeding 



I coming on, the patient, if no one be at hand, can tighten 



the inllrument himfelf as much as neceffary. 5. The con- 



i ftriftion which this tourniquet produces may be continued 



I longer than that of the old method, without hazard of ilough- 



j ing, becaufe it does not altogether flop the flow of blood 



I through the collateral arteries. 



j The tourniquet juft defcribed is certainly very complex, 

 ' when compared with what is now ufed by the beft modern 

 ; praftitioners ; but ftill it is the original of the latter, and 

 I both are conftru6led on the fame principles. The feveral 

 j pieces of a modern tourniquet are always kept connefted to- 

 I gether, and, inftead of two pieces of wood, ufed by Petit, 

 i there is contrived a brafs bridge, which is capable of being 

 I elevated or depreffed by means of a fcrew of the fame metal. 

 I Over this bridge a very ftrong band proceeds, and by pafTing 

 i under two little rollers at the ends of the bridge, it always 

 ! remains connefted with the inftrument. A convex firm pad is 

 1 fewed to the band, and put immediately over the artery when 

 1 the inflrument is applied. There are no culhions for the op- 

 I pofite fide of the limb under" the fcrew ; but a thick piece 

 i of leather, through which the band proceeds in two places, is 

 I fometimes put under the lower furface of the brafs, and 

 : ferves to prevent any bad effefts of its preffure on the fkin. 

 I It is ufual, alfo, for the furgeon to fold fome rag, and put 

 j it in this fituation at the time of applying the inftrument. 

 I Cooper's Dift. of Praft. Surgery. 



I In the army, furgeons arc provided with what are named 

 I jfcW tourniquets, in addition to fuch as are always found in 

 cafes of amputating inftruments. A field tourniquet is moft 

 ! fimple in its conftruftion, and is particularly intended for 

 I ufe on the field of battle, where numerous foldiers frequently 

 I fland in need of temporary compreffion of their bleeding 

 I limbs, until the furgeon has time to pay their accidents fur- 

 i ther attention. It confifts merely of a ftrong band, a pad 



fixed to this band, and a buckle. It admits of being applied 

 in an inftant. Every military furgeon is commonly furniflied 

 with two or three dozen field tourniquets, and the plan is 

 undoubtedly good, as the prefervation of many lives by it 

 has confirmed. 



The reader will have a better idea of the nature of a tour- 

 niquet, by referring to engravings of the inftrument ; but 

 a fight of the thing itfelf will be ftill more ufeful. 



Some tourniquets of different conftruftions are reprefented 

 in Plate I. of the Surgical Infiruments, vtYisreJig. i . fhews a 

 tourniquet of the moft fimple kind, which is tightened by 

 twifting the band D with the piece of wood B. C is the 

 pad which is to be placed upon the main artery, and A is a 

 lort of metallic or wooden guard, for preventing the twifted 

 part of the band from hurting the flcin. Fig. 2. a tourni- 

 quet of a more modern and improved make. D the fcrew. 

 C, C, the two pieces of the frame or bridge of the tourni- 

 quet, which tighten the band B, when the upper piece is 

 raifed by turning the fcrew. A is the pad. Fig. 3. repre- 

 fents another kind of tourniquet, which is tightened by a 

 contrivance refembhng a windlafs in principle ; C the handle 

 by which it is turned ; E a fteel branch, which ferves to 

 prevent the handle from turning back again ; B a fhort bit 

 of chain, which fixes itfelf in the notches of the circle, and 

 by carrying the band with it when moved round, tightens 

 the band D ; A tlie bafis of the tourniquet. Fig. 4. another 

 kind of fcrew-tourniquet. 



TOURNOIS, in Coinage, the name applied to French 

 money in the old fyftem, as fterhng is to Englifh money. 



TOURNON, in Geography, a town of France, in the 

 department of the Lot and Garonne ; 12 miles E. of Vil- 

 leneuve d'Agen. — Alfo, a tovvn of France, fituated on the 

 river Creufe, one part in the department of the Indre, and 

 the other in tlie department of the Indre and Loire ; 7 miles 

 S. of Preuilly. — Alfo, a town of France, in the depart- 

 ment of the Ardeche, on the Rhone ; 22 miles N.N.E. of 

 Privas. N. lat. 45° 4'. E. long. 4° 54'. — Alfo, a town 

 of France, in the department of Mont Blanc ; 15 miles 

 E. of Chambery. 



TOURNUS, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Saone and Loire, on the Saone ; 3 pofts S. of Chalons 

 fur Saone. N. lat. 46° 34'. E. long. 5° o'. 



TOURO, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira ; 

 13 miles W.S.W. of Alfayates. 



TOURONE, a town of Perfia, in the province of Co- 

 heftan ; 80 miles S.W. of Neifabur. 



TOUROULIA, m Botany, a Caribbean name, ufed by 

 Aublet, but abfolutely inadmilTible into any clafTical work. 

 — Aubl. Guian. v. i. 492. Juff. 434. Lamarck lUuftr, 

 t. 424. Poiret in Lam. Dift. v. 7. 718. — Schreber and 

 Willdenow, after Scopoli, have called this genus RoBlN- 

 SONIA, which may be found in its proper place. 



TOUROUMANG, in Geography, a town on the weft, 

 coaft of Sumatra. N. lat. 2^50'. E. long. 97° 6'. 



TOUROUVRE, a town of France, in the department 

 of the Orne ; 6 miles N.E. of Mortagne. 



TOURRETTE, Mark-Anthony-Lewis-Claret de 

 LA, in Biography, was born at Lyons in 1729, and having 

 ftudied at the college de Harcourt, at Paris, fettled in his 

 native place, where for twenty years he occupied an import- 

 ant poft in the magiftracy. Strongly attached to the ftudy 

 of natural hiftory, he formed, in 1763, a large colleftion of 

 infefts, and a feries of fpecimens in mineralogy. In 1766 

 he introduced into a large park neai" the town of Arbrefle all 

 the foreign trees and fhrubs that could bear that chmate, and 

 in his own garden at Lyons, he cultivated more than 3000 

 fpecies of rare plants. He was a companion of J. J. Rouf- 



feau, 



