T R A 



T R A 



to each refpeftive fort, as direfted under the culture, fome 

 requiring the branches to be (hortened annually, others to 

 be moftly trained at full length. See Dwarf and Espa- 

 IIER Tre.-i, PrlnIXG, &C. 



The training of efpalier trees is efFefted exadUy in the 

 fame manner, only thefe may be trained as they ftand in the 

 nurfery lines, in the open quarters or borders, &c. by 

 ranging fome ftout ftakes in the ground along one fide of 

 each tree, not in a continued ftraight range immediately the 

 vrav of the row, but thofe of each tree ranged feparate and 

 obliquely, fomewhat crofsways the row as it were, that the 

 branches of the different trees may range befide one another, 

 and thereby have more room to extend the branches both 

 ways, than the common diftance in the nurfery lines would 

 admit, if ranged direftly the way of the row. 



It may be noticed, that occafionally it may happen that 

 fome particular trained trees of both the wall and efpaher 

 kinds may aflume in the courfe of their training a ftate of 

 extremely vigorous and luxuriant Ihooting and growth 

 either in the whole of them, or in fome particular parts, by 

 which very ftrong rampant, rude (hoots that have a peculiar 

 unfruitful-like nature and appearance are fent forth, which 

 in all fuch cafes and circumftances fhould be ordered and 

 directed in a particular manner, according to their nature 

 and fituation, until they have in a great meafure exhaufted 

 their too great abundance or redundancy of fap which 

 caufed their exccflive luxuriancy, and they begin to take on 

 a more moderate ftate of (hooting and growth. In confe- 

 quence of which, therefore, wherever there appears to pre- 

 vail a general luxuriance and excefs of growth in the 

 whole trees, or parts of them, while under the courfe of 

 training, or afterwards, it will be advifeable to ufe proper 

 and necelTary caution in the work of pruning, employing 

 the knife in rather a moderate manner in the way of thinning 

 out and fhortening the branches, and in feme degree 

 humouring, as it were, the trees in their natural tendency of 

 {hooting and growth, bv leaving the young (hoots and 

 branches thicker and clofer together than what is the 

 common rule in all fuch cafes, the whole being left at their 

 full lengths particularly during their fummer's growth : and 

 to all thofe which are ufually (hortened in their winter 

 pruning, as in the peach, neftarine, and other fimilar forts 

 of trees, they (hould be (hortened much lefs in proportion 

 than the other kinds ; but thofe of the apple, pear, plum, 

 cherry, and others of the fame forts, (hould always be con- 

 tinued at their whole lengths ; that, on the whole, by thus 

 dividing the fap-juice among a greater number, as well as 

 larger extent of branches, that luxuriancy may be checked 

 which would take place in the cafe of a fmaller number and 

 lefs extent of growth. As, in general, the more wood can 

 be cut out of a vigorous (hooting tree, and the more the 

 fhoots are (hortened, praftices which are erroneoufly too 

 frequently had recourfe to, the more vigoroufly it will con- 

 tinue to (hoot, without ever becoming properly fruitful ; and 

 if fevere cutting-in be repeatedly praftifed and continued, 

 the tree will often exhauft itfelf fo greatly by its luxuriant 

 fhooting, that it fuddenly becomes in a weak, imperfeft, and 

 decayed ftate of growth. But, on the contrar)-, if the 

 natural inchnation of the very vigorou3-(hooting young 

 trees be fomewhat confulted and indulged, in the firft^ in- 

 ftance, by training in as many branches as can be con- 

 veniently had for the purpofe, and thofe which require 

 fhortening, be cut in moderately only, or fome which are 

 very luxuriant hardly at all, and thefe methods continued to 

 be prattifed for two or three years with proper difcretion, 

 the trees will be gradually reduced to a moderate ftate of 

 growth, and good condition of bearing, after which they 



may be managed and direfted in the common way which vS 

 proper for each of the different forts. 



And, on the other liand, fuch trees as are only ^^gorous 

 in particular fhoots, may, in fome cafes, have fuch (hoots 

 radically retrenched, but in others reterved ; and if a very 

 vigorous (hoot runs confiderably ftronger than all the reft, 

 and feems to fupport its vigour at the expence of the 

 others in its vicinity, it (hould be retrenched to its very- 

 origin as early in the fummer as it is perceived : in other 

 cafes, if a luxuriant (hoot arifes in any vacant fpace, efpe- 

 cially towards the bottom part, where a fupply of more 

 wood is wanted, it may be retained, and pinched off or 

 topped down to a few eyes in the late fpring or beginning 

 fummer months, when it will fend out feveral lateral (hoots 

 below, the fame feafon, and inftead of one rude luxuriant 

 (hoot, there will probably be four, five, or more of a mode- 

 rate growth to fill the vacancy in a more effeftual manner, 

 and which will much fooner attain the ftate of fruitfulnefs. 



Tlie trees having been thus in training in the nurferies for 

 the (pace of three, four, or five years, they will have obtained 

 a handfome fpread of fruitful branches fanned in the regular 

 proper and neceffary forms for the different piu-pofes which 

 are intended, fo as that when planted out, they may at 

 once cover a large fpace, and become quickly fruitful and 

 productive. The particular method of culture which is 

 proper for each of the forts, is more fully given in fpeaking 

 of them individually under their feveral heads. 



But it may be remarked that, in general, unlefs good 

 trained trees can be readily obtained, of from three or four 

 to five or fix years old, of a clean free growth, it vrill be 

 better to plant entire young untrained trees of one or two 

 years old, immediately from the nurfery, putting them at 

 once where they are to remain, managing them afterwards 

 as the trained trees, to give them the proper form of head. 



Some, in order to have as great a chance as pofTible, plant 

 young untrained trees to remain, and trained trees of a 

 bearing ftate, dwarfs and half-ftandards between, to cover 

 the wall more effectually at once, and furnifh a fupply of 

 fruit, until the young ones are trained and arrive at the 

 bearing ftate ; then, according as the trees of both forts 

 advance in that ftate of growth, thofe which appear the 

 moft profperous are retained, and the others are graduaUy 

 cut away, leaving the more tlunving trees to occupy the 

 wall wholly at latt. 



In moft of the public nurferies, they raife trained trees 

 for fale, which occupy all their clofe fences of walls, pales, 

 &c. where they may be procured of almoft any fize, differ- 

 ing in price from three to fire or ten (hillings or more per 

 tree, according to the forts, age, and guodnefs of growth. 



TRAINEL, in Geography, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the Aube ; 6 mjles S. of Nogcnt fur Seine. 



TRAINING, in Planting and GarJening, the pradtice 

 of regulating the forms and growth of foreft and fruit 

 trees, by the proper lopping and retrenching of their fide 

 or other branches in the firft kind, and by the cuttii.g- 

 in and diftribution of their (hoots and branches in the 

 latter. What is principally neceffary in the management 

 of the former of thefe (orts of trees, in this refpeft, has 

 been already pomted out under the heads to which it pro- 

 perly belongs. See Pruning and Timber. 



And in regard to the latter, or garden kinds of trees, 

 it has been remarked, that when by fixtures it is properly 

 a praftice much connedted with that of pruning, and 

 which is employed, either for the purpofes of protefting 

 exotics of the tender fruit-tree kinds from the wind, for 

 improving their climate by fpreading them in a regular man- 

 ner upon a wall or fence, or for fupporting climbing or 

 2 traihng 



