T R A 



T R A 



trailing plants. In the firft cafe, it is performed in a great 

 variety of modes and manners, according to the nature and 

 kind of fupport which is made ufe of for the purpofe. In 

 the fecond intention too, it is done differently, as the cir- 

 cumllances may be, and moftly againft walls, as in the fan 

 and horizontal modes ; the former of which is faid to be 

 calculated for fooneft covering the walls, and to be likewife 

 the rnofl. proper for fuch kinds of trees as do not abound in 

 fuperfluous wood, as the cherry, peach, and apricot. The 

 latter mode, however, is faid to fill the walls more com- 

 pletely, though longer in accomplifhing the bufinefs ; and 

 to be the beft fuited for fuch trees as run much to wood, as 

 is the cafe with many apple and pear trees. See thefe dif- 

 ferent forts of trees. 



In the work of training for the fupport of climbing 

 plants, nature fliould, it is fuppofed, be imitated as nearly as 

 poffible. That with the kinds which twine round other 

 trees or fupports, or that fallen thcmfelves to walls, nothing 

 more is thought neceflary, than to put them on fimilar ob- 

 jefts which are within their reach ; but that with others, 

 which fupport themfelves by clafpers or tendrils, it is re- 

 quifite to fallen them by art when thefe clafpers fail ; which, 

 an nature, is commonly the fecond year ; when the whole 

 iwining fhr\ib or climber falls down, or hangs by its lad- 

 formed tendrils in fuch a manner, as that its (hoots are 

 bent, twilled, or inclined in almoft every direftion. This 

 is the cafe with many forts of tree plants, fuch as vines, 

 paflion-flowers, and others, and ilrongly fuggefts the ad- 

 vantage of training fuch kinds in a twilled or ferpentine 

 manner ; as nothing can be more unnatural than to train 

 them in an upright mode, as is too commonly done with the 

 firft of thefe forts, where fet againft the back walls of hot- 

 Jioufes, &c. In training them along a ti-ellis, under the 

 Hoping glafs of fuch houfes, they are faid to be in a more 

 natural fituation, and are more likely to fend out fhoots, or 

 to break, as it is often termed, at every joint ; but ftill ex- 

 perience has, it is thought, proved the vaft advantage of 

 training in a ferpentine or twining direftion in every fitu- 

 ation. In a great many houfes of the above fort in all 

 parts of the country, nearly two-thirds of the crops which 

 jmight annually be produced, are, it is fuppofed, loft for want 

 of attention to this circumftance. And, that as the praftice 

 is natural, uniformly fuccelsful, fo far as it has been yet 

 tried, and without injury, it ought to be more generally had 

 recourfe to in the bufincfs. 



Great ufes and benefits are capable of being taken of the 

 fame principle in the training of other forts of trees ; as 

 ■whenever the fap is conftranicd by twifting a (hoot or 

 branch, it is fure at fuch places as are moft bent, or which 

 have moft of the angle of the curve, to fend out a ftioot, 

 as has been well noticed, illuftrated, and taken advantage of 

 by both ancient and modern writers on horticulture. See 

 Hitt's and Forfyth's Treatifes on Fruit-Trees, &c. 



In the training of fruit-trees, few who have been engaged in 

 the work have, it is fuppofed, fully underftood or fufficiently 

 availi-d themfelves of the advantages which might be taken 

 of this general law in vegetable economy, that the extreme 

 branches bent downward, or the extreme roots turned up- 

 ward and expofed to the air, tlirow the tree more or lefs 

 into a fruiting ftate. It has lately, however, been done by 

 turning the branches of fuch trees over the tops of walls, 

 or in other modes, with aftoniftiing effefts in the produftion 

 of fruit. The great effefts of this fort of training are evi- 

 dent too in many other inftances, where binds, twifts, and 

 downward direftions are given to flioots and branches by 

 different circumftances in the objefts to which they are 

 trained. The powerful and excellent effefts of cutting the 



roots of trees either at fome diftance from or near to the 

 chief ftem, as well as thofe of cutting the Item itfelf, in 

 order to throw them into a fruiting condition, have, it is 

 faid, been fully recorded by former writers on gardening, 

 and been recently praftifed with complete fuccefs. See 

 Espalier Trees, Pruning, Trained Trees, andWAhh- 

 Trees. 



TRAINING, or Tracing, in Mineralogy, a term ufed 

 by our miners to exprefs the tracing up of the mineral ap- 

 pearances on the furface of the earth to their head or ori- 

 ginal place, and there finding a mine of the metal they 

 contain : or, training or tracing a lode, denotes the fame 

 with backing of it ; tliat is, laying open the bryle, and 

 difcovering the back of the lode, by many pits for feve- 

 ral fathoms in length, eall and weft. The bryle of a 

 lode, is that mineralized fubrtance which lies loofely upon 

 the top of it under the loofe mould and rubbifli of the earth. 



The principle on which this prattice depends, is the 

 change wrought in the face of the earth by the deluge, of 

 the efFefts of which thefe remains are a very great proof. 

 The fuperficial or upper part of veins, or lodes of ore, is 

 always the pooreft, the richer ores lying deeper down, the 

 poor ones only ferving to lead the way. Thefe poor ores, 

 or ftones impregnated vvitli the metalline matter of the mine, 

 and called by our workmen flio.-id-llones, were, probably, 

 at the creation of the earth, brought regularly up to the 

 furface, and fhewed the place of the metals below. But at 

 the time of the covering of the earth by the waters of the 

 deluge, they were, with the reft of the furface, waftied off, 

 and carried with the defcent of the water down into the 

 plains, or into the beds of rivers, and there carried many 

 miles down the ftream. This being an allowed truth, the 

 art of training a mine is eafy ; for though this carrying of 

 the (hoad-ftones and poor ore was done fo many ages ago, 

 yet all the way that fome pieces were carried on, others 

 would be depofited by the way, and the heavieft and richeft 

 falling firft, the lighteft would always be carried fartheft, 

 and there would be always left a ftream of the matter all 

 the way from the place where it was firft produced, that 

 is, where the mine now is : for the breaking of the furface 

 of the earth at this great catailrophe was not fo deep as to 

 reach that, and this Tlream or train of matter will be found 

 richer and richer as it approaches the mine, and finally will 

 ftop at the place where it is. 



Where there is fuppofed to be a mine of any metal, the 

 hills and country all about are diligently fearched ; the fitua- 

 tions and defcent of the lands, and the earth, ftones, and other 

 foffile bodies, are examined, particularly the colour and na- 

 ture of the various forts of earths and ftones which are 

 found on the hills where the mine is fufpefted to lie, that 

 they may be readily known again if any of them are found 

 in the neighbouring valleys. The ftones which denote 

 tlie lodes, and are called ftioad-ftones, are found two, three, 

 four, or even five miles from the hills where they originally 

 lay ; but if the fame fort of ftones are remembered on the 

 hills, the train is to be made out. After any great land- 

 flood, in which it is fuppofed there are ufually fome new 

 frets made in the banks of the rivers, thefe are carefully ex- 

 amined, to fee whether any metalline ftones may be found 

 in their fides and bottoms, all being then fo clean, that the 

 fmallcft fhoad-ftone may ufually be feen. If no ftones of 

 this kind are found, it fometimes is of ufe, in order to far- 

 ther refearches, to examine whether any pieces of earth, of 

 a different colour and nature from that of the reft of the 

 bank, be found ; for thefe being, if any fuch are found, 

 wafhed alfo from the neighbouring hills, afford a great di- 

 reftion which fide of the hill to fearch into. 



If 



