T R A 



T R A 



Trassfcsiou of th Blood, in Pbyjkhgy, the transfer 

 of the blood of on; . ..imal into the \-afcular lyilem of 

 another, by means of a lube connected with a vein of the re- 

 ceiving animal, and an artery of the other. A vein is firft 

 opened, to allow the efflux of the animal's own blood, and 

 thus to make room for the frefti fupply. This preliminary 

 evacuation produces fyncope ; the animal ceafes to move, 

 and appears dead : but when the end of the tube connected 

 ■with the artery of the other animal is introduced into the 

 vein, and the ftop-cock is turned, the current of arterial 

 blood produces reanimation ; thi; power of motion and the 

 former ilrength are retlored. 



The experiments on this fubjeCt were firft tried in England, 

 where T. Clarke failed in his attempts in the year 1657 ; 

 Phil. Tranf. N^ 35. Lower fucceeded in 1665, and com- 

 municated his fuccefs to the Royal Society ; Phil. Tranf. 

 N' 30. This was on dogs : Th. Cose did it on pigeons ; 

 Birch, vol. ii. p. 50. Coxe and King exhibited the expe- 

 riment on dogs before the Society, transfuiing the blood from 

 vein to vein ; ibid. p. 123 : Phil. Tranf. N" 19, 20. 25. 2". 

 It was again performed from a Iheep to a dog ; Birch, 

 p. 133 ; and the experiment was afterwards frequently re- 

 peated ; Birch, %ol. ii. pp. 162. 179. 190, 191. It was alfo 

 performed in France and other countries. 



The firft proceedings in this matter feem to have been in- 

 ftigated merely by curiofitv, or at leall by a difpoution to 

 inquire into the powers of the animal economy. But higher 

 views foon opened themfelves : it was conceived that invete- 

 rate difeafes, fuch as epilepfy, gout, and others, fuppofed 

 to reiide in the blood, might be expelled with that fluid, 

 while, with the blood of a fneep or calf, the health and 

 ftrength of the animal might be transferred to the patient. 

 The moft facguine anticipations were indulged on the occa- 

 fion, and the new procefs was almoft expecled to reahze the 

 alchemical reveries of an elixir of life and immortality. The 

 experiment was firft tried in France, where the blood of a 

 iheep \vas transfufed into the veins of a ftupid youth, with 

 the effed, as was aflerted, of (harpening his wits. ( PhiL 

 Tranf. 27. 32. ) And a fimilar experiihent was made with- 

 out injury in a healthy man. (Ibid.) Lower and King 

 transferred blood from a ftieep into the fyftem of a lite- 

 rary man, who had offered himfelf for the experiment, at 

 firft without inconvenience, but afterwards with a lefs fa- 

 vourable refult ; the Royal Society ftill recommending per- 

 feverance in the trials. Birch, vol. ii. pp. 216. 22c. 227. 312. 

 Phil. Tranf. N= 3c. 



Thefe events were not calculated to keep up the expeda- 

 tions that had been raifed, of briUiant refults ; and other oc- 

 currences produced ftill more fevere difappointment. The 

 French youth firft mentioned died lethargic foon after the fe- 

 cond transfufion : the phyficians incurred great difg^ce, and 

 were judicially profecuted by the relations. (Phil. Tranf. 

 28. 32. 36, 37. 54.) Not however difcouraged by this un- 

 lucky cafe, they foon after transfufed the blood of a calf 

 into a youth related to the royal family, who died foon after 

 with the inteilines inflamed. ' (Phil. Tranf. 28. 30.) The 

 parliament of Paris now interfered, and profcribed the prac- 

 tice. (Du Hamel, Hift. Acad. Reg. Societ. p. 21, 22.) 

 Two perlons having died after transfufion at Rome, the 

 pope alfo iffued a prohibitory edict. (Eph. Nat. Cur. 

 Dec. I., ar.n. i, obf. 149. Merclin de Transfuf. San- 

 guinis, p. 25. 85.) From this time the practice has not 

 been repeated in the human fubjed ; although it has been re- 

 peatedly dene ,25 3 matter of philofophical curiofitv, on animals 

 who have fuffered no interruption of their health and ilrength. 

 Haller, Elementa Phyfiologise, lib. iii. fed. 3. 5 15 — 29. 



TRANSGRESSION, Trassgressio, compounded of 

 traiu, b^jond, and jraJire, to go, an offence againft fome 

 law, or a breach or violation of it. 



The term is chiefly ufed in refpeci of the laws of God. 



In the doctrine of original fin, all mankind are fuppofed 

 to {hare with Adam in the guilt of his firft tranfgrefiion. 

 See Original Six. 



Mofcs threatens the tranfgreflbrs of his law with a variety 

 of temporal puniftiments. 



TRANSGRESSIONE, in our Z.jci-, a writ, ufually 

 called a -u'rit, or a3ion of trifpafs. 



Of this F'.tzherbert has two forts ; one vicou^:fJ, thus 

 called becaufe directed to the ftierifF, and not returnable, 

 but to be determined in the country. Its form differs from 

 that of the other, as wanting the words quin vi et arwit, 

 &c. See VicouxTiEi. 



The other is termed a rvrit of trffpafi, and to be fued in j 

 the common pleas and king's bench. See Trespass. I 



TRANSIENT Actios-. See Action. ^ 



Traxment Air. See Air. 



TRANSIRE, in ftat. 14 Car. II. c. II. is ufed for a 

 cuftomjioufe warrant, or let pafs ; iroxa the verb tranfeo, 

 I pafs forth. 



TRANSIT, Traxsitus, from tranfire, /j pafs <ycer, 

 formed of trans and eOy I go beyond, in AJtronomy, fignifies the 

 palfage of any heavenly body over the meridian, or of one 

 body over another having the fame apparent declinatioB, 

 When the fmaller body is behind the larger, it is faid to 

 fuffer an occullation ; but when it paffes before, it is faid to 

 tranfit the other. Thus zfiar behind the moon fuffers an 

 occultation, but a planet pafilng over the fun's difc is faid 

 to tranfit him. 



Mercury and Venus, Sec. in their tranfits over the fun, 

 appear hke dark fpecks. See Meridian and Pa- 

 rallax. 



TRXS^lT-IrJIrumer.!, or Tranfit-TcL'fcope, is an ajironomual 

 inftnunent, by which the tranpti or meridian paffages of the 

 heavenly bodies are taken. Before telefcopic fights were 

 introduced into the practice of allronomy, the inftruments 

 for finding a meridian line, and for obfer^ing meridian paf- ' 

 fages, were very different from what they are at the prefent 

 day. So early as about the year 1 700, fir Chriftopher Wren^ j 

 Mr. Gray, and Dr. Derham (fee Phil. Tranf.) had con- I 

 trived inftruments for this purpofe ; the laft and beft of 

 which we ftiall briefly notice, bv way of contrail with the 

 modem traiifit-inftrument, to ftiew the improvements that 

 have taken place within the laft centurv. In Jig. 11. 

 Piatt XXXII. of Agronomical In^ruimnts, A B is a hori- 

 zontal bar of hard wood or me^, turning ftiffly on the 

 central ftem of a tripod, and carrying two upright bars, 

 C D and E F, which are bent a httle near the lower ex- 

 tremity, and turned to a right angle at top ; where there is a 

 horizontal joint, as feen in the figure. From each of thefe 

 upright bars are fufpended a plumb-line, fo as to come clofe 

 to the ends of the horizontal bar A B refpectively. At the 

 ends A and B are two vanes, or fight-holes, from the former 

 of which the fun, S, may be feen through a fmoaked glafs, 

 and from the latter the pole-ftar, P, with the plumb-line 

 interpofed. The portions of the horizontal bar A C and 

 B E are moveable round the joints at C and E, and the 

 plumb-lines are long enough to be tangents to the ir.gies of 

 elevation required to the radius A B, which therefore will 

 be proportional in any given latitude, whatever the dimenfions 

 may be. The ufe of this meridian inftri-mfat may be thus 

 explained : when P is the pole-ftar, the whole itiftniment 

 muft be turned round till the eye at A fees the pok-ilar 

 2 very 



