T R A 



any ground that is confidered fuitable for the common root 

 of this fort, the foil being firft well prepared and enriched 

 by the ufe of horfe-dung in a reduced liate ; the plants or 

 roots are then to be covered with only about one inch in 

 depth of earth. The beft and moft proper time for the put- 

 ting them out or tranfplanting them is during the month of 

 April. They fhould be put about a foot or eighteen inches 

 afunder. They grow and are produced in clufters, fome- 

 what in the manner of the bunches of grapes or currants ; 

 fomc growing in a round, others in a conical form or Ihape ; 

 thofe on the furface being the largeft, while thofe in the 

 centre are ufually the fooneft ripe. It is necelfary that they 

 (hould be taken up as they ripen, and when they are in- 

 tended for keeping, they may be taken up rather before 

 they are contpletely ripe. 



It was found that two roots, the tops of which had begun 

 to decay in the beginning of Augull, and which had been 

 raifed from the ground in the beginning of the following 

 month, produced, in one cafe, nine onions, and in the other 

 twelve. The onions in thefs cafes were of very different 

 fizes, but the whole, when taken together, weighed more 

 than a pound. Twenty-three onions of this fort, when 

 planted out, are however faid, in another inilance, to have 

 produced upwards of fix hundred fine plants at the fame 

 time. 



The circumftance in which this fort chiefly differs from 

 the common Deptford and Strafburgh feed-kinds is, that it 

 is larger, as in tafte the quahty is much the fame. But it 

 has, it is faid, a material advantage over the feed-onion in 

 this particular, that if planted about the middle of April, it 

 will be fully ripe about the fame time in the following Sep- 

 tember. Befides, it is not liable to accidents from any 

 badnefs, imperfeftion, or too moift or too dry feafons, as is 

 often the cafe in the common feed-onion. Another great 

 advantage the tranfplanted or ground onion has over the 

 feed fort is, that no inftance has yet occurred where it has 

 been injured by vermin or infefts, which is frequently the 

 cafe with the feed-kind. 



This fort of onion would feem on feveral accounts to de- 

 ferve further attention to its cultivation and growth in this 

 very uncertain climate for the common crops of fuch 

 roots. 



TRANSPLANTER, Tree, in Agriculture and Garden- 

 ing, a machine or contrivance conftrufted for the purpoie of 

 affifting and facilitating the means of tranfplanting and re- 

 moving trees of large growths and fizes. 



A very fimple and ufeful contrivance or machine of this 

 kind has been given by Mr. Amos in his practical work on 

 " Agriculture and Planting," with a correft reprefentation 

 of the fame. It is fimply compofed of the two hind and 

 the two fore-wheels and carriage part of a farm-waggon, 

 with a platform, and diagonal frame raifed and erefted upon 

 them fo as to be capable of receiving the tree, and of retain- 

 ing it in a firm, lleady pofition, until it be conveyed to 

 the place where it is wanted to be replanted, when it can 

 be let down with great eafe and readinefs into the hole where 

 it is to be fet and grow. ' 



Much facility and difpatch are given in replanting large 

 trees by machinery of iliis kind for ornament or other ufes. 

 See Transplantation. 



TRANSYORT-Shlp, is a veflel ufed to convey provi- 

 fions, warlike ftores, foldiers, &c. from one place to another ; 

 alfo convifts over the feas. 



TRANSPORTATION, the ad of conveying or car- 

 rying a thing from one place or country to another. 



In matters of commerce, tranfportation is of equal import 

 with re-exportation, viz. the taking up of commodities in 



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one foreign ftate or kingdom, bringing them hither, and' 

 paying duties for them ; and then conveying them into fome 

 other foreign fl:ate : by which it is diftinguifhed from im- 

 portation and exportation ; where the commodities are 

 either carried originally out of, or brought finally into, our 

 own kingdom. 



Transportation, in Zaw, is alfo a kind of punifh- 

 ment, or, more properly, an alleviation or commutation of 

 punifiiment, for criminals convifted of felony ; who, for the 

 firll offence, unlefs it be an extraordinary one, are ordi- 

 narily tranfported to fome foreign country for a term of 

 years, or for hfe ; viathin which, if they return, they are 

 executed without farther trial than afcertaining their 

 identity. 



This is made felony without benefit of clergy by ftatutes 

 4 Geo. I. cap. ii. 6 Geo. I. cap. 23. 16 Geo. II. 

 cap. 15. and 8 Geo. III. cap. 15 ; as is alfo the affifting 

 tranfports to efcape from fuch as are conveying them to the 

 port of tranfportation. 



Exile and tranfportation are punifhments at prefent un- 

 known to the common law ; and whenever the latter is 

 now inflifted, it is either by the choice of the criminal him- 

 felf, to efcape a capital punifhment, or elfe by the exprefs 

 direftion of fome modern aft of parhament. Accordingly, 

 it was enafted by the flatutes 4 Geo. I. cap. 11, and 

 6 Geo. I. cap. 23, that when any perfons (hall be con- 

 vifted of any larceny or felony, who by the law fhall be 

 entitled to the benefit of clergy, and hable only to the pe- 

 nalties of burning in the hand or whipping, the court in 

 their difcretion, in (lead of fuch burning in the hand or 

 whipping, may direft fuch offenders to be tranfported to 

 America (or, by ilatute 19 Geo. III. cap. 74, to any other 

 parts beyond the feas) for feven years. And by the fub- 

 fequent flatutes 16 Geo. II. cap. 15, and 8 Geo. III. 

 cap. 15, many wife provifions are made for the more fpeedy 

 and effeftual execution of the laws relating to tranfport- 

 ation, and the conviftion of fuch as tranfgrefs them. But 

 now, by the flatute- 19 Geo. III. cap. 74, all offenders 

 liable to tranfportation may, in lieu thereof, at the difcre- 

 tion of the judges, be employed, if males (except in the 

 cafe of petty larceny) in hard labour for the benefit of 

 fome public navigation ; or, whether males or females, may, 

 in all cafes, be confined to hard labour in certain peniten- 

 tiary houfes, to be erefted by virtue of the faid aft, for the 

 feveral terms therein fpecified, but in no cafe exceeding 

 feven years ; with a power of fubfequent mitigation, and 

 even of reward, in cafe of their good behaviour : but if 

 they efcape and are retaken, for the firfl time an addition 

 of three years is made to the term of their confinement ; 

 and a fecond efcape is felony without benefit of clergy. 



Tranfportation is faid to have been firft i.iflifted as a pu- 

 nifhment by 39 Eliz. cap. 4. Blackft. Com. vol. iv. 



Transportation of Plants, is the removal of them from 

 one country to another : with refpeft to which great 

 caution is neceflary. The plants fent from a hotter 

 country to a colder fhould be tranfported in the fprino of 

 the year, that the heat of tlie feafon may be advancing as 

 they approach the colder climates ; and, on the contrary, 

 thofe ■« hich are fent from a colder country to a hotter 

 fhould be lent in the beginning of winter. 



The beft way of packing up plants for a voyage, if they 

 be fuch as will not bear kee}>mg out of the earth, is to 

 have boxes with handles, and holes bored in their bottoms 

 to let out the moiilure, filling them with earth, and plant- 

 ing the roots as clofe together as may be ; the plants 

 (hould be fet in thefe boxes a fortnight or three weeks 

 before they are to be put on board, and in good weather 



they 



