T R A 



T R A 



loJy : but the council of Trent Hand up ftrenuouily for the 

 Lteral fenfe of the verb. Thus, in can. i. fefT. 13. of that 

 council, it is exprefsly decreed, that, in tranfubftantiation, 

 the body and blood of our Lord Jefus Chrift are truly., 

 really, and fubftantially, under the fpecies of bread and 

 wine. 



It is added, that by truly, we mean properly ; and not 

 only by fignification, as if the eucharift were no more than 

 a fign of the body and blood of Jefus Chrift : that by really, 

 we mean in fad, and not only in figure, as if the eucharift 

 were only a figure and reprefentation of the body and blood 

 of the Saviour of the world ; and that by fubjlantially, we 

 mean in fuhjlance, and not only in virtue and energy. Thus 

 is truly oppofed to a fimple fign, really to a figure, andyj/i- 

 Jlantially to energy or virtue. 



This doftrine was eftablilhed in the fourth general Lateran 

 council, under pope Innocent III., in 1215, who is faid to 

 have introduced and eftablifhed the ufe of the term tranfub- 

 ftantiation, which was hitherto ablolutely unknown ; thougii 

 fome fay that Stephen, bilhop of Autun, firft uled this 

 term. Burnet on the Articles, p. 312. 



It was principally owing to the authority of Lanfranc, 

 the principal champion of this new doftrine againft Beren- 

 garius, fupported by Rome, that fo ftrange a tenet was 

 ellabhfhed in the eleventh century, both in England and 

 France. At the beginning of this century it was unknown 

 to the church of Englau'^, as is inconteftably proved by the 

 epiftles and canons of iElfric, archbiftiop of Canterbury, 

 and by the prayers and homilies ufed at that time. 



It feems difBcult, at firft fight, to account for the zeal of 

 the fee of Rome in advancing and propagating a doftrine fo 

 full of abfurdity as that of tranfubftantiation. What ufe, 

 it may be faid, could there be in underftanding a figurative 

 exprefiion (with which manner of fpeaking the Scripture fo 

 much abounds) according to the letter, which makes it non- 

 fenfe ; when that nonfenfe does not appear to be produ£tive 

 either of power or profit to the church ? The fupremacy 

 and infallibility of the biftiops of Rome ; the dodrine of 

 purgatory, maffes, and prayers for the dead ; the worfhip of 

 faints and images ; the celibacy of the clergy ; the merit of 

 monaftic vows ; the neceflity of confefTion to, and abfblution 

 by a prieft, for the remilhon of fins ; the power of the pope 

 to grant indulgences, and apply to the benefit of other men 

 the works of fupercrogation done by faints, and therefore be- 

 longing to the treafury of the church : all thefe opinions 

 have a clear and evident tendency to raife and fupport the 

 dominion and wealth of the Roman fee and the clergy : 

 whereas the multiphed contradiftions and impoffibilities 

 contained in the notion of tranfubftantiation, feem to ferve 

 no purpofe, but to expofe the Chriftian faith to the ridicule 

 and contempt of the Jews and Mahometans, or other unbe- 

 lievers. Neverthelefs, the folution of this difficulty may be 

 found in the words of pope Pafchal II. •uix ." That it was a moft 

 execrable thing, that thofe hands, which had received fuch 

 eminent power above what had been granted to the angels 

 themfelves, as, by their miniftry to create God the creator of 

 all, and offer up the fame God, before the face of God the 

 Father, for the redemption and falvation of the whole world, 

 ftiould defcciid to fuch ignominy, as to be put, in fign of 

 fubjeftion, in the hands of princes, &c." 



The fame words were alfo ufed by pope Urban II. at the 

 council of Bari. And certainly nothing could fo raife the 

 idea of the priefthood, or produce fuch veneration for them 

 in the minds of the people, as their being fuppofed to pof- 

 fefs this more than angelical power. Lyttelton's Hift. of 

 King Henry II., vol. i. 



i'RA\'.suBSTANTiATiON, Declaration againft. See De- 

 claration. 



TRANSVERSALIS Colli, tranfverfaire grile, in ylna- 

 tomy, a fmall narrow mufcle, placed at the lower and lateral 

 part of the neck, and upper part of the back, where it extends 

 from the tranfverfe proceftea of the five or fix lower cervical 

 vertebra;, to the correfponding prccftftifs of four or five dorfal 

 vertebrae after the fecond. The fplenius, levator fcapulx, fa- 

 crolumbalis, and longiffinuis dovfi, cover it behind, where it is 

 infeparably connected to the two latter : it lies upon the tra- 

 chelo-maftoideus, to which it is alfo intimately connefted, the 

 complexus, and multifidus fpinx. The front edge of the 

 mufcle is attached to the cervical tranfverfe proceftes already 

 mentioned : it pafles over thofe of the two firft dorfal vertebra, 

 and is then attached to the tranfverfe proceftes of the four 

 or five following ones. Thefe attachments are effeAed by 

 flender tendons, connefted with thofe of the fplenius, le- 

 vator fcapulas, and multifidus fpins. It will extend the 

 neck on the back j or, if the mufcle of one fide a£ts fepa- 

 rately, it will incline the neck to its own fide. 



TRANSVERSE, fomething that goes acrofs another 

 from corner to corner. 



Thus bends and bars, in heraldry, are tranfverfe pieces, 

 or bearings : the diagonals of a parallelogram, or a fquar«, 

 are tranfverfe hues. 



Lines which make interfeftions with perpendiculars, are 

 alfo called obhque or tranfverfe lines. 



Transverse Axis, or Diameter, called alfo the ^;^ or 

 principal axis. See Axis, Diameter, and Latus-7 rrtny^ 

 •verjum. 



The tranfverfe axis of an ellipfis is the longer axis, or 

 that which tranfverfes it lengthwife, in contradiftindion from 

 the conjugate one. See Conic Sedions, and Ellipse. 



For the tranfverfe axis of the hyperbola, fee CoNIc Sec- 

 tions, and Hyperbola. 



TRANSVERSO-SPINALIS, in Anatomy, a name 

 fometimes given to the multifidus fpinae. See Multifidus. 



TRANSVERSUS Abdominis, a broad mufcle of the 

 abdomen. See Obliquus. 



Transversus Naji, a fynonyme of the conftriftor narium. 

 See Nose. 



Transversus Pedis, tranfverjal des orteils, a fmall mufcle 

 lying acrofs the foot, immediately under the heads of the me- 

 tatarfal bones, and extending from the four laft of thefe 

 bones to the firft phalanx of the great toe. It is thin and 

 fleftiy ; covered above by the metatarfal bones and interoflei 

 mufcles, and covering below the flexor tendons, arteries and 

 nc! ves of the toes. It arifes from the heads of the four laft 

 metatarfal bones, and is inferted, together with the tendon 

 of the adduftor pollicis pedis, in the outfide of the bafis of 

 the firft phalanx of the great toe. It will approximate the 

 great toe to the others ; and by drawing the toes together, 

 from fide to fide, will render the foot concave. 



Transversus Perinei, \ two mufcles of the pe- 



Transversus Perinei Alter, \ r'memn, of which the 

 former is connefted to the end of the large inteftine. See 

 Intestine. 



TRANSUM, in Gunnery, is a piece of wood which 

 goes acrofs the cheeks of a gun-carriage, or of a gun, to 

 keep them fixed together : each tranfum in a carriage is 

 rtrengthened by a bolt of iron. See Carriage. 



TRANSUMPTION, Transumptio, in the Schools, a 

 fyllcgifm by conceftion or agreement, ufed where a quef- 

 tion propofed is transferred to another, with this condition, 

 that the proof of this latter ftiall be admitted for a proof of 

 the former. 



Thus 



