TREES. 



3. Baeeifefous trees, are fuch as bear berries, as the 

 juniper and yew-tree. 



4. Lanlgerous trees, or fuch as bear a woolly, downy 

 fubftance : as the black, white, and trembling poplar, and 

 willows and ofiers of all kinds. 



5. Trees nuhich bear their feeds (having an imperfeft 

 flower ) in leafy membranes and cafes : as the horn-beam, or 

 hard-beam, caUed, in fome places, the horn-beech. 



II. Such as have their fruits and flowers contiguous; 

 which are either with the flower placed on the top of the 

 fruit, or adhering to the bafe or bottom of the fruit. Of 

 the former kind, fome are pomiferous, as apples and pears ; 

 and fome bacciferous, as the forb, or fervice-tree, the white- 

 thorn, or hawthorn, the wild rofe, fweet-briar, currants, 

 the great bilberry-bufli, honey-fuckle, ivy, &c. 



The latter kinds are either fuch as have their fruit moift 

 and foft when ripe : as, I . Pruniferous ones, whofe fruit is 

 pretty large and foft, with a ftone in the middle ; as the 

 black-thorn, or (loe-tree, the black and white buUace-tree, 

 the common wild cherry, the black cherry, &c. 



2. Bacciferous trees, as the ftrawberry-tree common in 

 the weft of Ireland, mifletoe, water-elder, the dwarf or 

 fpurge-laurel, the viburnum, or wayfaring-tree, the dog- 

 berry-tree, the fea black-thorn, the berry-bearing elder, 

 the privet, barberry, common elder, the holly, the buck- 

 thorn, the berry-bearing heath, the bramble, and the 

 fpindle-tree or prickwood. 



Or fuch as have their fruit dry when ripe : as the bladder- 

 nut-tree, the box-tree, the common elm and afh, the maple, 

 the gaule, or fweet willow, common heath-broom, dyer's- 

 weed, furze or gorfe, and the lime-tree. 



Trees in full Jir, or Standards, are fuch as naturally 

 rife a great height, and are not topped. See Standards, 

 STANDARD-Trffj, and Timber. 



Trees, Dwarf, are fuch as are kept low, and never fuf- 

 fered to have above half a foot of ftem. Thefe are ufed to 

 be kept vacant, or hollow in the middle, that the branches, 

 fpreading round about the fides, may form a kind of round 

 bowl, or buih. See DwARF-Tr^cj. 



Trees, Forcfl. See FoREST-7>aj and Planting. 



Trees, Wall, are thofe whofe branches are ftretched 

 out, and nailed againft walls. 



For dwarf and wall-trees, fuch are to be chofen out of 

 the nurfery for tranfplantation as are ftraight, and confift of 

 a fingle ftem, and a fingle graft, rather than two or three 

 grafts in feveral branches : their thicknefs at bottom, when 

 removed, fhould be two or three inches. 



Trees, Fruit, are fuch as bear fruit. See YKUlT-Trees. 



Trees, Timber, are thofe whofe trunks are tall and 

 ftraight, of which beams, mafts, &c. are ufed to be made. 



Trees that are nine inches girt about a yard from the 

 ground, are commonly reckoned timber-trees, but none 

 under this fize. See Tintber and Planting. 



The growth of trees is a curious and interefting fubjeft ; 

 but few experiments have been made in order fatisfaftorily to 

 afcertain the annual acceflions that are made to the bulk of 

 trees at different periods of their age. Mr. Barker has fur- 

 iiiftied a table exhibiting the increafe of three kinds of trees, 

 vix. the oak, afli, and elm, in the Phil. Tranf. for 1788. 

 He ftates the refult as follows : 



" I find (fays he) the growth of oak and afti to be nearly 

 the fame. I have fome of both forts planted at the fame 

 time, and in the fame hedges, of which the oaks are the 

 largcft ; but there is no certain ride as to that. The com- 

 mon growth of an oak or an afh is about an inch in girth 

 in a year ; fome thriving ones will grow an inch and a half; 

 the unthriving ones not fo much. Great trees grow more 



timber in a year than fmall ones ; for if the annual growth 

 be an inch, a coat of one-fixth of an inch is laid on all 

 round, and the timber added to the body every year is its 

 length multiplied into the thicknefs of the coat and into 

 the girth, and therefore the thicker the tree is, the more 

 timber is added." 



We will prefent our readers with a table, (hewing the 

 growth of 1 7 kinds of trees for two yeai-s. The trees grew 

 at Cavcnham in Suffolk. 



Heat is fo effential to the growth of trees, that we fee 

 them grow larger and fmaller in a fort of gradation as the 

 climates in which they ftand are more or lefs hot. The 

 hotteft countries yield, in general, the largeft and tallefl 

 trees, and thofe alfo in much greater beauty and variety 

 than the colder do ; and even thofe plants which are com- 

 mon to both, arrive at a much greater bulk in the fouthern 

 than in the northern climates ; nay, there are fome regions ■ 

 fo bleak and chill, that they raife no vegetables at all to any 

 confiderable height. Greenland, Iceland, and the like 

 places, afford no trees at all; and what Ihrubs grow in 

 them are always httle and low. 



In the warmer climates, where trees grow to a moderate 

 fize, any accidental diminution of the common heat is found 

 very greatly to impede vegetation ; and even in England, 

 the cold fummers we fometimes have, give us an evident 

 proof of this ; for though the corn and low plants have 

 fucceeded well enough, and goofeberries, currants, rafpberries,j 

 or other low fhrubs, have brought forth fruit in fufficicnt j 

 plenty, yet the production of taller trees has been found! 

 very much hurt ; and walnuts, apples, and pears, have been J 

 very fcarce among us. •] 



Heat, whatever be the producing caufe, afts as well uponJ 

 vegetation one way as another. Thus the heat of dung, ] 

 and the artificial heat of coal-fires in ftoves, is found to] 

 fupply the place of the inn. 



Great numbers of the Indian trees, in their native foil,] 

 flower twice in a year, and fome flower and bear ripe fruit ] 

 aU the year round ; and it is obferved of thefe laft, that J 

 they are at once the moft frequent and the moft ufeful to the ] 

 inhabitants ; their fruits, which always hang on them in i 

 readinefs, containing cool juices, which are good in fevers^j 

 and other of the common difeafes of hot countries. 1 



Plantations of ufeful trees might be made to very great! 

 advantage in many places in every country, and the country ^ 



greatly 



