T R I 



T R I 



keeled, pointed, membranous valves, containing one floret ; 

 the outer valve full half the fize of the inner, with a rough 

 dorfal awn, about its own length, united to it half way 

 up. Cor. of two unequal, lanceolate, keeled, pointed, 

 membranous valves ; the outermoft largeft, three-ribbed, 

 awnlefs ; innermoft nai'rower, with two keels, and a rough 

 dorfal awn, twice its own length, of three equal points, and 

 a common Italk the length of the glume, flightly connefted 

 therewith at the bafe only. Stam. Filaments three, capillary, 

 Ihorter than the glumes ; anthers hanging out of the flower, 

 linear, notched at each end. Ptfl. German fuperior, ovate ; 

 fl;yles two, thread-ftiaped, (hort ; ftigmas oblong, feathery. 

 Perk, none, except the unconnefted corolla. Seed one, 

 ovate. 



Efl". Ch. Calyx Cngle-flowered, of two valves, with a 

 dorfal awn. Corolla of two valves, unconnefted with the 

 feed, and a dorfal awn of three points. 



I. T. racemofa. Cluller-flowered Trident-grafs. Kunth 

 as above, 179.1.61. — Gathered by Humboldt and Bon- 

 pland, in dry cultivated ground in Mexico, between Gua- 

 naxuato and Villalpando, flowering in September. This is 

 an annual, upright, branching grafs, about eighteen inches 

 high, with a round, fmooth, flender, jointed Jlem. Leaves 

 linear, narrow, flieathing, flat, ftriated, rough on both 

 fides, and fomewhat hairy on the inner : their flieaths 

 ftriated, fmooth. Stipula very fliort, fringed. Chjlers ter- 

 minal, folitary, fimple, ereft, from one and a half to four 

 inches long. Flowers alterpate, two-ranked, on fliort, flen- 

 der ftalks We have prefumed to alter the original defcrip- 



tion, chiefly with refpedl to the three-pointed awn, which 

 Mr. Kunth confiders as an abortive floret. The analogy of 

 Triathera (fee that article) will furely authorize this 

 alteration. 



TRIAL, in Law, the examination of any caufe, civil or 

 criminal, according to the laws of the realm, before a pro- 

 per judge. _ 



Of this there are divers kinds : both in civil and in cri- 

 minal cafes. In civil cafes there are feven fpecies of trial ; 

 ii'iz. by record : by infpeSion or examination, when, for the 

 greater expedition of a caufe, in fome point or ifl'ue being 

 either the principal queftion, or arifmg collaterally out of 

 it, but being evidently the objeift of fenfe, the judges of the 

 court, upon the teftimony of their own fenfes, fliall decide 

 the point in difpute ; as in cafe of a fuit to reverfe a fine for 

 non-age of the cognizor, or to fet afide a fl;atute or re- 

 cognizance entered into by an infant, the king's juftices de- 

 termine, by view of the age of the party ; alio if a defend- 

 ant pleads in abatement of the fuit that the plaintiff' is dead, 

 and a perfon, calling himfelf the plaintiff, appears, the 

 judges fliall determine by infpeftion whether he be the plain- 

 tiff or not ; bkewife in the cafe of an idiot ; in the appeal 

 of mayhem ; and in determining circumfl;ances relative to 

 a day pafl: by infpeftion of an almanac : by certificate, as 

 for matters without the realm, and alfo within the realm : 

 the cuft^oms of the city of London are tried by the certifi- 

 cate of the mayor and aldermen, certified by the mouth of 

 their recorder : marriage, baftardy, excommunication and 

 orders, and other fuch matters, are tried by the bifliop's certi- 

 ficate : ability of a clerk prefented, admiflion, infl:itution and 

 deprivation of a clerk, fliall be tried by certificate from tlie or- 

 dinary or metropolitan ; and the cuft:oms of courts by certifi- 

 cate from the proper officers, &c.: by tvitnejfes : by wager 

 (jf battle : by wager of law : and by jury. In criminal 

 matters, there was formerly the trial by ordeal and by 

 corfned: thefe two methods of trial were chiefly in ufe 

 among our Saxon anceftors, and are now antiquated ; the 

 next, which ftill remains in force, though very rarely in ufe, 



was introduced among us by the princes of the Norman 

 line, and is the trial by battle, duel, or fingle combat: the 

 fourth method of trial ufed in criminal cafes is that by the 

 peers of Great Britain, in the court of parliament, or the 

 court of the lord high lleward, when a peer is capitally in- 

 difted : but that which moft commonly occurs is the trial by 

 jury, or the country, fecured to every Enghfliman, as the 

 great bulwark of his liberties, by the Great Charter. 

 Blackft. Comm. vol. iii. &c. vol. iv. &c. 



Before trial, in a criminal cafe, it is ufual to aflc the cri- 

 minal how he will be tried ? which was anciently a very per- 

 tinent queftion, though not fo now ; in regard there were 

 formerly feveral ways of trial ; viz. by battle, ordeal, and 

 jury. 



When the criminal anfwered. By God and his comitry, it 

 fliewed he made choice to be tried by 3. jury. But there is 

 now no other way of trial. This is alfo called trying /li-r 

 pais, or per patriam. 



Trial, New, is a re-hearing of the caufe before an- 

 other jury, with as little prejudice to either party, as if 

 it had never been heard before. The caufes of granting a 

 new trial are fuch as thefe : want of notice of trial ; or any 

 flagrant mifbehaviour of the party prevailing towards the 

 jury, which may have influenced their verdift ; or any grofs 

 mifbehaviour of the jury among themfelves : alfo if it ap- 

 pears by the judge's report, certified to the court, that the 

 jury have brought in a verdift without or contrary to evi- 

 dence, fo that he is rcafonably difTatisfied therewith ; or if 

 they have given exorbitant damages ; and if the judge him- 

 felf has mifdirefted the jury, fo that they found an unjufti- 

 fiable verdidl : for thefe, and other reafons of the hke kind, 

 it is the praftice of the court to award a new, or fecond 

 trial. But if two juries agree in the fame or a fimilar ver- 

 dift, a third trial is feldom awarded ; for the law will not 

 readily fuppofe, that the verdift of any one fubfequent jury 

 can countervail the oaths of tw<i preceding ones. There are 

 inftances of new trials in the year-books of the reign of Ed- 

 ward III., Henry IV., and Henry VII., &c. Blackft. 

 Comm. vol. iii. &c. 



Trial, Jean Claude, in Biography, direftor of the royal 

 academy of mufic at Paris, and niafli-r of the pnnce of 

 Conti's band, was born in 1734, in the Contat, that country 

 fo agreeable and fertile in excellent artills. Tiie fine arts are 

 generally inhabitants of beautiful nature. 



At twelve years old. Trial quitted Avignon, in order to 

 acquire knowledge from different matters whom he intended 

 to vifit. His talents were fo extraordinary for his age, 

 that at fifteen he was appointed direftor of the concert 

 and opera of Montpellier. The paffion which he had 

 for the arts drove him to Paris, where he no fooner arrived, 

 than he was placed at the head of the orcheftra at what was 

 then called the Italian theatre, or comic opera. From this 

 orcheftra he pafTed to that of the prince of Conti, of which 

 he was appointed direftor ; and his conduft and manners 

 were fuch in that office, that on his death the prince deigned 

 to fay that he had loft a friend. 



The proteftion with which he was honoured, procured him 

 the important place of direftor of the Academic Royale. 

 Permit us here to define the office of direftor of the aca- 

 demy of mufic, or ferious opera. The management of the 

 opera is a painful and embarrafling adminittration. It is ne- 

 ceflary for the direftor of this complicated machine to attend 

 to all the fprings, to difTipate all impediments to vheir aftion, 

 flatter the tafte and fometimcs the caprice of the inconftant 

 public, unite to a point of concord very rarely attainable, 

 a crowd of various and often rival talents, excite emula- 

 tion without awakening jealoufy, diftribute rewards with 

 C c 2 J"ft'ce 



