T R 1 



tlie limits of the empire, and flain at leaft five thoufand of his 

 enemies in battle, without any conilderable lofs on liis own 

 part : to this purpofe an exprefs law was eftabhihed, and he 

 was obhged to make oath before tlie qujeftors, that the 

 account delivered to the fenate was true. But this law 

 became obfolete, and intrigue and faftion procured a tri- 

 umph in favour of generals whofe merit was not very con- 

 fiderable. 



The general who vanquifhed his enemies in a naval en- 

 gagement, had alfo the honour of a naval triumph. Thefe 

 were firft granted to C. Duillius, in the year 449, after his 

 defeat of the Carthaginians. 



The triumph was of two kinds, the lefs and the greater. 

 The lefs triumph was granted upon a viftory over fome un- 

 equal and unworthy enemy, as over pirates, (laves, &c. This 

 they called ovaiio, becaufe the only facrifices offered in it 

 were (heep. 



The greater triumph, called alfo curulis, and fimply the 

 triumph, was decreed by the fenate to a general upon the con- 

 quering of a province, or gaining a fingle battle. The order 

 and economy of the triumph were thus : the general having 

 difpatched couriers with tidings of his fuccefs, the fenate 

 met m Bellona's temple to read the letters : this done, they 

 fend him the title Imperator, with orders for him to return, 

 and bring his viftorious troops along with him. 



When he was .arrived near the city, the general and prin- 

 cipal officers took oath of the truth of the viftory ; and the 

 day of triumph was appointed. 



The day being arrived, the fenate went to meet the con- 

 queror without the gate called Capena, or Triumphahs, and 

 inarched in order before him to the Capitol. He was richly 

 clad in a purple robe, embroidered with figures of gold, fet- 

 ting forth his glorious achievemeifts ; his bufliins were befet 

 with pearl, and he wore a crown, which at firft was only 

 laurel, but afterwards was gold ; in one hand he bore a laurel 

 branch, and in the other a truncheon. He was drawn in a 

 car, or chariot, adorned with ivory and plates of gold, drawn 

 ufually by two white horfes ; though fometimes by other 

 animals, as that of Pompey, when he triumphed over Africa, 

 by elephants ; that of Mark Antony, by lions ; that of He- 

 liogabalus, by tygers ; that of Aurelian, by deer ; and that 

 of Nero, by hermaphrodite mares, &c. 



At his feet were his children, or fometimes on the chariot- 

 horfes. It is added, thait the public executioner was behind 

 him, to remind him, from time to time, that thefe honours 

 were tranfitory, and would not fcreen him from the feverity 

 of the laws, if he fliould ever be found delinquent. 



The cavalcade was led up by the muficians, who had 

 crowns on their heads ; after them came feveral chariots, 

 in which were plans of the cities and countries fubdued, 

 done in relievo : they were followed by the fpoils taken 

 from the enemy, their horfes, arms, gold, filver, machines, 

 tents, &c. After thefe came the kings, princes, or gene- 

 rals fubdued, loaded with chains, and followed by mimics 

 and buffoons, who infulted over their misfortunes. Next 

 came the ofBcers of the conquering troops, with crowns on 

 their heads. 



After thefe appeared the triumphal chariot, before which, 

 as it pafTed, they all along ftrewed flowers, and the mufic 

 played in praife of the conqueror amidft the loud acclama- 

 tions of the people, crying lo triumphe ! 



The chariot was followed by the fenate, clad in white 

 robes ; and the fenate by fuch citizens as had been fet at 

 liberty or ranfomed. 



The procelTion was clofed by the priefts, and their officers 

 and utenfils, with a white ox led along for the chief vicftim. 

 In this order they proceeded through the triumphal gate, 

 Vol.. XXXVI. 



T R I 



along the Via Sacra, to the Capitol, where the viaims were 

 (lain. 



In the mean time all tlie temples were open, and all the 

 altars loaden with offerings and incenfe ; games and combats 

 were celebrated in the public places, and rejoicings appeared 

 every where. 



What was horrible amidft all this mirth was, that the 

 captives, when arrived at the forum, were led back to prifon 

 and ftrangled ; it being a point of religion with them, not to 

 touch the viftims till they had taken full revenge of their 

 enemies. The rites and facrifices being concluded, the tri- 

 umpher treated the people in the Capitol, under the porticoes, 

 and fometimes in Hercules's temple. 



The moft confiderable triumphs were thofe of Csfar after 

 the taking of Utica, and of Auguftus after the viftory of 

 Aftium. Casfar had four triumphs, which la(ted four days, 

 and were condufled with the moft extraordinary fplendour 

 and magnificence. The firft was the triumph of the Gauls, 

 on which occafion there were prefented to the view of the 

 Romans the names of three hundred nations and eight hun- 

 dred cities fubdued by the death of a million of enemies, 

 which Ca:far had defeated in feveral battles. The fecond 

 triumph was that of Egypt : the third reprefented the defeat 

 of Pharnaces ; and the fourth exhibited piftures of Scipio, 

 Petreius, and Cato. 



The triumph of Auguftus lafted three fucceffive days, 

 and was not lefs magnificent than the former. 



After Auguftus, the honour of a triumph became an ap- 

 pendage of fovereignty. 



TRIUMPHAL Jrch, Car, and Column. iSee the 

 articles. 



Triumphal Grown, or Garland. See Cnowx. 



This is faid to have been taken from Apollo's crowning 

 his head with a laurel, after kilUng the Delphian ferpent. 



Triumphal Gown, toga tr'utmphalis. See Toga. 



TRIUMPHANT Church. See Church. 



TRIUMPHO de la Crux, in Geography, a cape on the 

 coaft of Honduras. N. lat. 15° 56'. W. long. 88° Z5'. 



TRIUMVIR, one of three perfons who govern abfo- 

 lutely, and with equal authority, in a ftate. 



The word is little ufed but in the Roman Hiftory. 

 Caefar, Craffus, and Pompey, were the firft triumvirs, i. e. 

 the firft who divided the government of the republic among 

 them. 



There were alfo other officers, called triumvirs, trium- 

 viri; as the triumviri, or trefviri capitales, created in the 

 year of Rome 463, to take care of prifoners, and fuper- 

 intend the execution of criminals. 



Triumviri monetales, who were magiftrates created at the 

 fame time to fuperintend the coinage of the money : whence 

 that mark ftill extant on many ancient coins, IIIVIRI. 

 They feem to have been created about the time of the firft 

 coinage of filver in Rome, or 266 years B.C. Pomponius 

 afcribes their firft creation to the year of Rome 463, or 

 289 B.C. Thefe officers were very confiderable, and were 

 chofen out of the fenatorial rank, till Auguftus appointed 

 them from the equeftrian, and the aheration feims to have 

 continued. However this be, the title triumviri remained 

 till after Caracalla, as appears from infcriptions given us by 

 Gruter, and by Bouteroue. But under Aurelian it is pro- 

 bable there was but one maftcr of the Roman mint, called 

 the " Rationalis," which change is fuppofed to have taken 

 place under Gallienus. The " Rationahs" was fucceeded 

 by the " Procurator monctx." The triumviri made a part 

 of the centumviri. The title they bear on medals, which is 

 common on the coins of Auguftus and Tiberius, is IIIVIR. 

 A.A.iE.F.F, triumviri ouro, argento, are, Jlande, feriendo, 

 R r which 



