T R O 



yellow flowers, orange-coloured flowers, and the double- 

 ilowered. 



It may be noticed that they are both natives of Peru, and 

 •commonly efteemed to be annual plants, though they may 

 be continued through the winter, if they are kept in pots, 

 and fheltered in a greenhoufe or glafs-cafe, in the fame 

 manner as the variety with double flowers. 



The ftalks will climb fix or eight feet high, when they 

 are trained up, and thus the flowers make a good appear- 

 ance ; but when they trail upon the ground, they will fpread 

 over the neighbouring plants and become unfightly ; the 

 flowers are frequently eaten in fallads ; they have a warm 

 tafte, like the garden crefs, and hence the plant has its 

 common name nafturtium ; they are likewife ufed for gar- 

 nifliing dilhes : the feeds are pickled, and by fomc qre 

 preferred to moft pickles for faucc, under the talfe name of 

 .capers. 



Method of Culture. — Thefe plants, in all the finglo varie- 

 ties, may be increafed by feeds, which ihould bi- town in the 

 fpring in patches where they ai"e to flower in the borders, or 

 in drills in the garden. 



They afterwards only require to be kept free from weeds, 

 and to be well fupported by flicks. 



The double vai'iety mufl be increafed by planting cuttings 

 of the branches in pots of light mould in the early pari of 

 the fummer, placing them in the fliade, and giving frequent 

 light waterings, but not too freely in the winter months : 

 thofe planted early may be rendered more forward by being 

 plunged in a moderate hot-bed. 



It requires to be protected in the greenhoufe in the win- 

 ter, being well fupported with flicks. 



Both the forts are cultivated in the garden as flowering 

 plants, and for cuhnary ufes in fallads and pickles, being 

 often in the former view trained againfl: fences and walls, or 

 to run on trcillages, railings, palings, hedges, the iides of 

 arbours, and fome other kinds of fupports. Alfo to run 

 on branchy flicks fet in the borders and other parts. 



In the latter intention, the common Angle forts and va- 

 rieties are often grown, which fupply young tender leaves 

 and bprries that are much eileemed by fomc for the purpofe 

 of eating, the former as a warm relifliing agreeable fallad 

 article, and the latter as a very plcafant fort of pickle while 

 young and frefh. The flowers are alfo warm in their tafte, 

 and aff'ord a very ornamental garnilh, in many cales, both tor 

 lallad diflies and thofe of the meat kind. When the plants 

 are raifed in thefe views, the feeds fliould he fown in the 

 fmall compartments of the kitchen garden in the Liter fpring 

 months, in fmall patches or {hallow drills to the deptli of an 

 inch, and the plants v;hen up have the fupport of a few 

 branchy flicks, by which means they afford fupphes in each 

 of thi'le ways for two or three months. 



They all afl"ord variety in the borders, clumps, &c. in the 

 fummer, and the double forts among potted plants. 



TR-OPjEUM g. Fakil Max'imi jEmiliani, the trophies 

 of Fabius, &c. in Ancient Geography, were fituated, accord- 

 ing to Strabo, near the place where the Ifere dilcharges it- 

 felf into the Rhone, and on this fpot 30,000 Romans, 

 <:ommanded by Fabius, defeated 200,000 Gauls, in com- 

 memoration of which, the general caufed to be erected on 

 the field of battle a trophy of white (lone. 



TROP^US, in Mythology, a name given to Jupiter, for 

 the fame reafon that Tropa^a was given to Juno. 



TROPATENA, in Ancient Geography, a counti-y of 

 Afia, extending, according to Ptolemy, from the territory of 

 the Geli-Margafl to that of the Amariaci. 



TROPE, Tiiorus, in Rhetoric, a word or expreflion 

 ufed in a different fenfe from what it properly fignifies. — 



T R O 



Or, a word changed from its proper and natural fignifica- 

 tion to another, with fome advantage. 



As when we fay an afi, for 3.pipid per/on ; thunder-bolt of 

 mar, for a great captain ; to wajh the blackamoor nvhite, for a 

 fruitlefs undertaking. 



This change of fenfe is never to be ufed, but where it 

 gives a force and dignity, or renders the difcourfe more fig- 

 nificant, weighty, and graceful. 



It is called trope, xpoxo;, from the Greek, t^wb, -vertB, I 

 change; becaufe the words are here transferred from the 

 things they properly import, to others which they only 

 import indireftly : and that tropes only fignify the things 

 they are applied to, by realbn of the conneftion and relation 

 thofe things have with thofe others, whofe proper names 

 they are. 



This change, or inverfion, is performed various ways ; 

 but chiefly four : whence arife four principal tropes ; vir,. 

 the Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, and Irony ; which fee 

 refpedlively. 



Some authors confound trope with figure ; but they are 

 very different things. Moll authors, as F. de Colonia, &c. 

 make figure the genus, and trope a fpecies ; defining figure 

 -to be, an ornament in difcourfe, by which it is raifpd above 

 the common language ; and trope to be that peculiar kind 

 of ornam.ent which confifts in the change of the fenfe, &c. 



Bat Vofiius makes trope and figure to be two collateral 

 and independent things ; defining trope to be the change 

 of the fenfe, &c. and figure to be any ornament, except 

 what becomes fo by fuch change, &c. See FiouuK. 



With regard to the difference between tropes and figures 

 we may obferve, that tropes moftly affeft fingle words, but 

 figures whole fentences : a trope conveys two ideas to the 

 mind by means of one word ; but a figure throws the 

 fentence into a different form from the common and ufual 

 manner of expreflion ; and brfides, tropes are chiefly de- 

 figned to reprefent our thoughts, but figures our paflions. 

 The reafons which have occationcd the introdudion of 

 tropes are, according to Quinftilian, three : viz. neceffity, 

 emphafis, and beauty. Tropes were firft introduced from 

 neceffity, becaufe no language contains a fuffieient number 

 of proper words to exprefs all the different conceptions of 

 our minds. Tropes do alfo on many occafions exprefs 

 things with greater force and evidence than can be done 

 by proper words ; thus v.-hen Virgil (JEn. lib. vi. v. 842. ) 

 calls the Scipios two thunder-bolts of war, he gives us a 

 more lively image of the rapid force and fpeedy fuccefs of 

 their arms, than could have been conveyed by a long defcrip- 

 tion in plain words. And moreover, beauty and ornament 

 have been another caufe of the ufe of tropes : and it is the 

 bufinefs of an orator to entertain his hearers, at the fame 

 time that he inflrnrts them. Accordingly fome fubjefts re- 

 quire a more florid and elegant addrefs tlian others, and va- 

 riety of expreffion is alfo pleafing in a dilcourle. 



The following directions, however, are proper to be ob- 

 ferved in the choice of tropes. As every trope gives us 

 two ideas, one of the word exprefled, and another which by 

 means of that the mind connects with it ; it is neceflary 

 that the relation between thefe two fliould appear very plani 

 and evident ; for an obfciire trope is always faulty, unlels 

 where fome particular realbn makes it neceflary ; and there- 

 fore tropes ought not to be too far-fetched, left they fliould 

 thus be rendered obfcurc— Again, as a trope ought to be 

 very plain and evident, fo likewife Ihould it bear a due pro- 

 portion to the thing it is defigned to reprefent, fo as neither 

 to heighten nor diminifli the jufl idea of it. I'octs, how- 

 ever, are allowed a greater liberty in this refpeit than ora- 

 tors. Farther, as a moderate ufe of tropes, juftly applied, 

 1'' t 2 beaulitieii 



