T R O 



manage his limbs readily, you muft iiifenfibly hold him in 

 ftill more and more, and by degrees you will lead him to 

 the equal trot. All horfes that are inclined to be ramingue 

 fhould be kept to the extended trot. A horfe of a fluggiih 

 and cold difpofition, which has, neverthelefs, llrength and 

 bottom, (hould likewife be put to this trot : as he grows 

 animated, and begins to go free, keep him together by little 

 and little, in order to lead him infenfibly to the fupple trot ; 

 but if, while you keep him together, you perceive that he 

 (lackens his aftion and retains himfelf, give him the aids 

 briikly, and pulh him forward, keeping him, neverthelefs, 

 gently in hand: by this means he will be taught to trot 

 freely and equally at the fame time. 



The only proof, or rather the moft certain fign of your 

 horfe's trotting well is, that when he is in his trot, and you 

 beg^n to pufh him a little, he offers to gallop. The princi- 

 pal effefts of a trot are to make a horfe light and aftive, 

 and to give him a jufl appui. 



The manner of trotting a colt who has never been backed 

 is as follows : put a plain fnaffle in his mouth ; fit a cavefon 

 to his nofe, to the ring of which tie a longe of a reafonable 

 length. Let a groom hold this longe, who, having got at 

 fome diftance from the colt, muft ftand ftill in the middle of 

 the circle which the horfe will make. Let another follow 

 him with a long whip or chambriere in his hand. The /:olt, 

 being alarmed, will be forced to go forward, and to turn 

 within the length of the cord ; the groom muft hold it tight 

 in his hand ; by this means he will draw in, or towards the 

 centre, the head of the colt, and his croupe will of confc- 

 quence be without the circle. See Foal, and Baching of a 

 Horse. 



In working a young horfe after this manner, do not prcfs 

 or hun-y him. Let him walk firft, and afterwards put him 

 (O the trot. If you negleA this method, his legs will be 

 embarraffed ; he will lean on one fide, and be more upon 

 one haunch than the other ; the inner fore-foot will ftrike 

 againft the outer one, and the pain which this will occafion 

 will drive him to feek fome means of defence, and make 

 him difobedient. If he rcfufes to trot, the perfon who 

 holds the chambriere will animate him, by trotting him, or 

 ftriking the ground with it. If he offers to gallop inftead 

 of trotting, the groom muft fhake or jerk the cord that is 

 tied to the cavefon, and he will fall into his trot. Berenger's 

 Art of Horfemanfhip, vol. i. ch. 4. 



TROTHY, in Geography, a river of England, in the 

 county of Monmouth, which runs into the Wye, near 

 Monmouth. 



TROTZA, a river of Ruflia, which runs into the 

 Kama, 16 miles N. of Kofa, in the government of Viatka. 



TROU, Le, a fettlement in the N. part of Hifpaniola. 

 N. lat. 19° ;^5'. W. long. 72^ 



TROUBADOURS, a name given to the ancient poets 

 of Provence, who wrote, fet, and fung their own verfes. 

 See Provencal Poets. 



Some will have the word borrowed from trouver, tojind, 

 by reafon of their inventions, whence they are called trou- 

 i>errcs ; though others take them to have been called tromba- 

 d^urs ; by reafon they fung their poems to an inftrument 

 called a trompe or trumps. 



The poetry of the troubadours confifted in fonnets, paf- 

 torals, fongs,' fyrventes, or fatires, which were much to their 

 tafte ; and in tenfons, which were love-difputes. 



Jean De Notre Dame, commonly called Noftradamus, a 

 procureur in the parliament of Provence, wrote an ample 

 difcourfe of thcfe poets. He makes their number feventy- 



flK. 



Pafquier tells \is, he had an extrad of an ancient book, 



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belonging to cardinal Bembo, entitled " Los Noms da- 

 quels qui firent Tenfons & Syrventes," which made their 

 number ninety-fix ; among which was an emperor, -uix. 

 Frederic I. and two kings, ti's. Richard I. of England, and 

 a king of Arragon ; with a dauphin, fcveral counts, &c.: 

 not that all thefe had compofed entire works in Provencal ; 

 fome of them had not brought forth any thing beyond 

 epigrams. 



Petrarch fpeaks, with applaufe, of feveral troubadours 

 in the fourth chapter of the Triumph of Love. The Ita- 

 lian poets are faid to have borrowed their bcft pieces from 

 the troubadours. Pafquier declares exprcfsly, that Dante 

 and Petrarch are, indeed, the fountains of Itah'an poetry ; but 

 fountains which have their fources in the Provencal poetry. 



Bouche, in his Hiftory of Provence, relates that, about 

 the middle of the twelfth century, the troubadours began 

 to be efteemed throughout Europe ; and that their credit 

 and poetry were at the higheft about the middle of the four- 

 teenth. So that they flourifhed in Europe about two hun- 

 dred and fifty years, xi/'z. from 11 20 or 1130 till the year 

 1382. He adds, that it was in Provence that Petrarch 

 learned the art of rhyming, which he afterwards praftifsd, 

 and taught in Italy. 



Strolling muficians, under the appellation of Jongleurs, 

 (which fee,) abounded in France fo early as the time of 

 Cliarle.magne, who forbids their admiffion into convents ; 

 and in the firft capitulary, of Aix-la-Chapelle, this prince 

 fpeaks of them as perfons branded with infamy. They 

 continued, however, to amufe the great in private, as well as 

 the people in pubhc, as a diftincl body of men, till the trou- 

 badours introduced poetry into France, in the dialeft of 

 that country. Their hcentioufnefs was frequently re- 

 preffed, and their conduft regulated, by the police ; and 

 during the reign of Philip Auguftus, the troubadours and 

 minftrels, or jongleurs, were involved in the fame difgrace, 

 and for fome time banilhed the kingdom ; which left fuch 

 a ftigma upon their order, as no efforts of genius, or aufte- 

 rity of manners, could entirely efface, though they were 

 afterwards recalled, and in fome degree reftorcd to public 

 favour. 



It is obferved by a late elegant French writer, that though 

 the profcription of mufic and poetry, and the kind of 

 inquifition which Philip eftablifhed againft the jongleurs 

 in France, may have originated from the laudable intention 

 of reprefiSng thofe diforders, which the abufe of their pro- 

 feffion had occafioned ; yet, if he had refleftcd that the 

 fate of letters was at that time in the hands of the trou- 

 badours, and that among every people approaching towards 

 civilization, the progrefs of virtue is generally propor- 

 tioned to the cultivation of arts and hterature, he would 

 have inflifted a lefs ignominious punifhment on the objeAs 

 of his difpleafure ; for fuch is the empire of prejudice, that 

 the anathema it pronounces againft the abufe of a profefCon 

 remains in full force, even after the reformation of thofe who 

 exercife it. This author ventures to pronounce the jong- 

 leurs, or troubadours and minftrels, notwithftanding the con- 

 tempt with which they are named at prefent, to iiave been 

 the fathers of literature in France : they, fays he, bani(hed 

 fcholaftic quarrels and ill-breeding, and polifhed the manners, 

 eftabhftied the rules of politenefs, enlivened the converfa- 

 tion, and purified the gallantry of its inhabitants. That 

 urbanity, continues he, which diftiiiguiihes us from other 

 people, was the fruit of their fongs ; and if it is not from 

 them we derive our virtues, they at leaft taught us how to 

 render them amiable. Tableau Hiftorique de Gens dcs 

 Lettres, par I'Abbv de Lougchamps, torn. v. cited by 



Dr. Barney in his Hiftory of Mufic, vol. ii. p. 267. 



' Mr. 



