T K O 



T R O 



Mr. T. Warton (Hift. of Engliih Poetry) is of opinion 

 that there were two forts of French troubadours who have 

 not been fufficiently diftinguifhed. If we diligently examine 

 their hiftory, we (hall find that the poetry of the firft trou- 

 badours contlftcd, as we have already intimated, in fatires, 

 moral fables, allegories, and fentimental fonnets. So early as 

 the year i i'8o, a tribunal called the " Court of Love," was 

 inftituted both in Provence and Picardy, at which queftions 

 in gallantry were decided. This inllitution furnifhed ample 

 matter for the poets, who threw the claims and arguments of 

 the different parties into verfe, in a llyle that afterwards led 

 the way to the fpiritual converfations of Cyrus and Clelia. 

 Fontenelle does not fcruple to acknowledge, that gallantry 

 was the parent of French poetry. But to fing romantic 

 and chivalrous adventures was a very different tafli, and 

 required very different talents. The troubadours, therefore, 

 who compofed metrical romances form a different fpecies, 

 and ought always to be coniidered feparately. And this 

 latter clafs feems to have commenced at a later period, riot 

 till after the crufades had effefted a great change in the 

 manners and ideas of the weftern world. In the mean time, 

 as Warton conjedtures, the art of the troubadours, commonly 

 called the " Gay Science," was firft communicated from 

 France to the Italians, and afterwards to the Spaniards. 

 If this be true, it is at the fame time highly probable, as the 

 Spaniards had their " Juglares," or convivial bards, very 

 early, becaufe from long connection they were intimately 

 acquainted with the fiftions of the Arabians, and were 

 naturally fond of chivalry, that the troubadours of Provence 

 in great meafure caught this turn of fabhng from Spain. 

 The communication, without mentioning any other obvious 

 means of intercourfe, in an affair of this nature, was eafy 

 through the ports of Toulon and Marfeilles, by which the 

 two nations carried on from early times a conftant com- 

 merce. Even the French critics themfelves univerfally 

 allow, that the Spaniards, having learned rhyme from the 

 Arabians, through this very channel conveyed it to Pro- 

 vence. Taffo preferred " Amadis de Gaul," a romance 

 originally written in Spain by Vafco Lobeyra, before the 

 year 1300, to the moft celebrated pieces of the Provcn9al 

 poets. The early univerfality of the French language very 

 much contributed to facilitate the circulation of the poetry 

 of the troubadours in other countries; and thus they contri- 

 buted in a very confiderable degree to the revival and diffu- 

 fion of literature in Europe. See Joxglhurs, Minstkel, 

 Mystery, Provencal Poets, Romance. 



TROUBLES, in Geology. See Coal. 



TROVE, in Lam. See TREASURE-TVoiif. 



TROVER, an aftion which a man hath againft one that, 

 having found any of his goods, refufeth to deliver them 

 upon demand, but converts them to his own ufe ; from 

 which finding and converting, it is called an adtion of 

 trover and converfion. 



Aftions and detinue are frequently turned into aftions 

 upon the cafe, fur trover and converfion. 



The injury in this cafe lies in the converfion : and, there- 

 fore, the fadl of the finding, or trover, is now totally imma- 

 terial ; for the plaintiff needs only fuggeft (as words of 

 form) that he loft fuch goods, and that the defendant found 

 them ; and if he proves that the goods are his property, 

 and that the defendant had them in his poffeifion, it is fuffi- 

 cient. But a converfion muft bfe fully proved ; and then in 

 this aftion the plaintiff (hall recover damages equal to the 

 value of the thing converted, but not the thing itfelf ; which 

 nothing will recover but an aftion of detinue or replevin. 

 See Restitution offiokn Goods. 



TROUGH, a hoUow wooden veflel for kneading dough 



in, or to beat apples in for cyder ; alfo a piece of the trunk 

 of a tree made hollow, to feed fwine in ; or an open pipe or 

 channel, made of boards, for the conveyance of water. 



Trough of the Sea, is the hollow cavity made between 

 two waves, or billows, in a rolling fea. 



When a (hip lies down there, they fay, (he lies in the 

 trough of the fea; in whicli cafe (he rolls lieavieft, becaufe 

 the fetting of the fea is always produced by the wind, and, 

 confequently, the waves, and the trough between them, will 

 be at right angles with the direftion of the wind. 



TROUP Head, in Geography, a cape of Scotland, on 

 the north coaft of the count v of Bamff ; 10 miles W. of 

 Kinnaird's Point. N. lat. 57° 39'. W. long. 2° 1 1'. 



TROUPSBURGH, a townftiip of New York, in the 

 United States, fituated in the S.W. corner of Steuben 

 county, 25 miles S.W. of Bath village, erefted in 1808, 

 from the S. part of Canifteo and a fmall part of Addifon, 

 and extended to Allegany county in 181 1 ; bounded N. by 

 Canifteo, E. by Addifon, formerly Middletown, S. by the 

 ftate of Pennfylvania, and W. by Allegany county;. It is 

 18 miles long E. and W., and about 10 miles wide. The 

 population in 1810 confiifed of 292 perfons and 36 fenato- 

 rial eledlors. 



TROUS lie Loup, in Field Fortification, are round holes, 

 about fix feet deep, and pointed at the bottom, with a ftake 

 placed in the middle. They are frequently dug round a 

 redoubt, to obftruft the enemy's approach. At top they 

 are circular, and about four feet and a half in diameter. 



TROUSSEQUEUE, in the Manege. See Dock. 



TROUSSEQUIN, a piece of wood, cut archwife, 

 raifed above the hinder bow of a great faddle, and ferving 

 to keep the bolfters firm. 



TROUT, Salmo fario of Linnaeus, in Ichthyology, a 

 very valuable river-fi(h. See Salmo Fario. 



The colours of the trout, and its fpots, vary greatly in 

 different waters, and in different feafons ; yet each may be 

 reduced to one fpecies. In Llyndivi, a lake in South 

 Wales, are trouts called coch y dail, mentioned by Pennant. 

 See Salmo Fario. 



In Lough Neagh, in Ireland, are alfo trouts called 

 huddaghs, fome of which weigh thirty pounds ; and others 

 of a much fuperior fize are taken in Hulfe-water, a lake in 

 Cumberland, fuppofed to be the fame with the trouts of the 

 lake of Geneva. In the river Eynion, rot far from 

 Machynlleth in North Wales, and in one of the Snowdon 

 lakes, is found a variety of trout, naturally deformed, having 

 a ftrange crookednefs near the tail. 



The Hon. Mr. Daines Barrington fuggefts, that gillaroo, 

 the name given to certain trouts in the Irifh lakes, (fee 

 Salmo Fario,) may be either a corruption of Killaloe, the 

 name of a town near which thefe trouts are caught, or 

 formed of the Welfh cylk, q. d. Jlomach, and the Irifh 

 ruadb, q. A. Jlrong ; fo that gillaroo may be the fame as 

 ftrong ftomach. From the obfervations both of Dr.Wat- 

 fon and Mr. J. Hunter, there is no reafon for confidering 

 the ftomach of thefe trouts as gizzards, but as true fto- 

 machs. That of the Englifti trout is of the fame kind with 

 the ftomach of the gillaroo trout, but its coat is not fo 

 thick by two-thirds : and, therefore, the difference in the 

 thicknefs of the ftomach, which may be occafioned by the 

 nature of the waters, or adapted to the purpofes of com- 

 minuting a greater quantity of fhell-fifh than the ftomachs 

 of our trouts, does not warrant its being clafled as a diftintt 

 fpecies. The ftomach even of the gillaroo trout can poffefs 

 fcarcely any power of grinding, as the whole cavity is Imed 

 with a fine villous coat, the internal furface of whicli appears 

 every where to be digeftive, and by no means fitted for maf- 



tication 



