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U 



Accordingly, truces are frequently concluded between 

 Jiriuces, in order to come to a peace ; and truces of many 

 years ferve in lieu of treaties of peace between princes, 

 whofe differences cannot be linallv adjufted. 



All truces and fufpenfions of arms are concluded by 

 the authority of the fovcreign, who confents to fome of 

 them in his own immediate perfon, and to others through the 

 miniilry of liis generals and officers. The truce binds the 

 contracting parties from the moment of its being concluded ; 

 but cannot have the force of a law with regard to fubjefts 

 on both fides, till it has been folemnly proclaimed. A Ihip 

 being on the open feas at the time of publifhing the truce, 

 meets with a fhip of the enemy, and fmks her ; as in this 

 cafe there is no guilt, (he is not liable to pay any damage. 

 If Ihe has made a capture of the veffel, all the obhgation 

 ihe lies under is to reftore it, as not retainable by the 

 truce. 



If one of the contrafting parties, or any perfon by his 

 order, or with his confent only, commit any a& contrary to 

 the truce, it is an injury to the other contrafting party ; the 

 truce is diflblved, and the part}' offended is entitled to take 

 up arms, not only for renewing the operations of the war, 

 but alfo for revenging the recent injury offered it. 



Sometimes a penalty on the infraftor of the truce is re- 

 ciprocally ftipulated, and then the truce is not immediately 

 broken on the firil infraftion : if the party offending fub- 

 raits to the penalty, and repairs the damage, the truce 

 fubiifts, and the party offended has nothing farther to claim. 

 If an alternative has been fettled, that in cafe of an infraftion 

 the delinquent fhall fuffer a certain penalty, or the truce be 

 broken, the party injured may chufe whether he will demand 

 the penalty, or make ufe of his right to take up arms 

 again. 



The time of the truce (hould be well fpecified in order 

 to prevent any doubt or difpute from the moment of its be- 

 ginning to its period. If no term has been fpecified for the 

 commencement of the truce, .as it binds the contrafting par- 

 ties immediately upon its conclufion, it concerns them to 

 caufe it to be publifhed immediately, in order to the ob- 

 fervance of it ; for it becomes binding on the fubjefts only 

 from the time of its proper publication ; and it begins to 

 take effeft only from the moment of the firft publication, 

 unlefs the agreement be otherwife. The rules that concern 

 a truce during its continuance are fuch as follow : Each 

 party may do, within its own territories, what it has a right 

 of doing in time of full peace : advantage is not to be taken 

 of doing what could not be done during the hoftilities, e. g. 

 continuing the works of a fiege, or repairing breaches, and 

 introducing fuccours . Nothing is to be undertaken in con- 

 tefted places while the truce continues, but every thing is to 

 be left as it was ; e. g. if the enemy does not relinquifh 

 a port, town, or village, the truce forbids an invafion of it : 

 fubjefts inclined to revolt againft their prince are not to be 

 entertained, much lefs incited to treafon : perfons or cffefts 

 of enemies are not to be feized during the truce. Inter- 

 courfe may be allowed during a truce. At the expiration 

 of the truce the war is renewed without any frefh de- 

 claration. See Vattel's Law of Nations, book iii. ch. i6. 



Truce of God, Treuga Dei, is a phrafe famous in the hif- 

 tories of the eleventh century, when the diforders and 

 licences of private wars between particular lords and fa- 

 milies obhged the bifhops of France to forbid fuch violences 

 within certain times, under canonical pain. 



Thofe intervals they called tnuga Del, trc-ue de Dint, q. d. 

 /nice of God, a phrafe frequent in the councils fince that 

 time. " The firft regulation of this kind, was in a fynod held 



T R U 



in the diocele of Elno in Kouffillon, anno J072, wnere it 

 was enafted, that, throughout that country, no perfon 

 fhould attack his enemy from the hour of nones on Saturday, 

 to that of prime on Monday, that Sunday might have its 

 proper honour ; that nobody (hould attack, at any time, a 

 rehgious prieft walking unarmed, nor any perfon going to 

 church, or returning from the fame, or walking with women ; 

 that nobody {hould attack a church, or any houfc witliin 

 thirty paces around it. The whole under penalty of ex- 

 communication, which, at the end of three months, was con- 

 verted into an anathema. 



Thefe quarrels had prevailed even in the time of Charle- 

 magne, and much more after his death ; fo that the church 

 found it neceffary to interpofe. The mod early of the{e 

 interpofitions, now extant, is towards the end of the tenth 

 century. 



In 990, feveral bifliops alfcmbled in the fouth of France, 

 and publiflied regulations to reftrain the violence and fre- 

 quency of private wars, ordaining that the tranfgreflbr 

 (hould be excluded from all Chriflian privileges during his 

 life, and be denied ChrilHan burial after his death. To the 

 fame purpofe a council was held at Limoges, A.D. 994; 

 and feveral other councils ilTued their decrees for reftraining 

 the evil. But the authority of councils was infufficient ; 

 and, therefore, a bidiop of Aquitaine, A.D. 1032, pre- 

 tended that an angel from heaven had appeared to him with 

 a writing, enjoining men to ceafe from their liodilities, and 

 be reconciled to each other. Accordingly, a general ccf- 

 fation took place, and lafted for feven years ; and a refolu- 

 tion was formed, that no man (liould attack or moled his 

 adverfaries from the evening of Thurfday in each week, to 

 the morning of Monday, in the week enfuing, the inter- 

 vening days being peculiarly holy ; our Saviour's palHon 

 having happened on one of them, and his refurreftion on 

 another. This fudden change was confidercd as mira- 

 culous, and the refpite from holliUties fubfequent to it 

 was called the truce of God. 



This from being a regulation in one kingdom became a 

 general law in Chriftendom, and was confirmed by the 

 authority of the pope, and the violators were fubjeftcd to 

 the penalty of excommunication. The council of Toulujes 

 in Rouffillon, A.D. 1041, iduid an aft, containing .-dl the 

 ftipulations required by the truce of God. The nobles, 

 however, difregarding the truce, purfued their quarrels 

 without interruption. Toward the end of the twelfth cen- 

 tury, a new revelation was pretended, and, in confcqucnce 

 of it, an affociation formed under the title of the " Brother- 

 hood of God." At length Pliilip Auguftus, or St. Louis, 

 publifhed an ordonnance, A.D. 1245, prohibiting any 

 perfon to commence hodilities until forty days after the 

 offence which caufed the quarrel, and the tranfgreffor was 

 to be tried and puni{hed by tlie judge as a traitor. This 

 was called the royal truct, and the regulation was produftive 

 of good cffefts. This was farther enforced by an ordon- 

 nance of Phihp the Fair, A.D. 1296. See Robertfon's 

 Hid of Charles V. vol. i. p. 1,7,^, &c. 8vo. 



Truce, Breaking of. Sec Passport. 



Truce, Confervator of. Sec Conserv.vtor. 



TRUCHMAN, Draooman, or Drogman, in the 

 countries of the Levant, an interpreter. 



TRUCHMENIANS, cr :in6mt Turkomans, called by 

 the Ruffians Terekmenian Tartars, are thofe tribes whofe 

 p.vent dock dill nomadifes on tiic eaftern coafts of the Caf- 

 pian, where their territory extends as far as the lake Aral 

 and Pcrfia. The Truchmcnians, in particular, po(rtfs on 

 the wcdern fide of the Cafpian that part of the Caucafian 



mountains 



