T R U 



T R U 



mountains which ftretches from that fea as far as the pro- 

 vince Kakhetty of the Georgian ftate. The generality of 

 the dillridls have their own common princes ; others form 

 particular ftates, and fome are under foreign fovereignty. 

 In the former half of the iSth century a part of thefe 

 hordes fell under the yoke of the Torgotan prince Ayuka, 

 and on that occafion many Truchmenian families withdrew 

 to the Tartars of Orenburg, Ufa, and Aftrakhan. In the 

 year 1770, the remainder of thefe people, who had not 

 been before under the dominion of the Kalmuks, fet them- 

 felves at liberty, and at prefent nomadife as free fubjefts 

 of the Ruffian empire about the mouth of the Kuma. 

 Their number is continually increafing by fuch as efcape 

 from the Kirghifes, and are found though fingly among the 

 Tartars of Orenburg and Ufa, yet to no fmall amount. 

 See Turkomans. 



TRUCHTERSHEIM, in Geography, a town of France, 

 in the department of the Lower Rhine ; 7 miles W. of 

 Strafburg. 



TRUCKING, in Commerce. See Permutation, Ex- 

 change, and Commerce. 



TRUCKS, in a Ship, pieces of wood of various fhapes, 

 and ufed for different purpofes. Carr'tage-tntcis are cy- 

 linders, the breadth or thicknefs of which is always equal to 

 that of the fide-pieces ; but the height of the fide-pieces and 

 diameter of the trucks muft always depend upon the height 

 of the gun-ports above the deck. Flag-Jiaff-trucks are cir- 

 cular flat pieces of elm, with a fmall (heave at lead on each 

 fide. They are fixed by a mortife upon the upper end of 

 flag-ftafFs, and are ufed to reeve the haliards. P arral-iruchs 

 are round balls of elm, or other wood, and have a hole 

 through the middle, in which a rope is reeved, to form the 

 parrals. Seizing-trucis are fimilarto parral-trucks, but have 

 a fcore round the middle, to admit a feizing. They are 

 ufed to lead ropes through. Shroud-trucks are (hort cylin- 

 drical pieces of elm, &c. ; they have a hole through the 

 middle, lengthways, a groove down the fide the fize of the 

 fhrouds, and a fcore round the middle to adnlit a feizing. 

 They are feized to the fhrouds to lead ropes through, that 

 they may be more readily found. Vane-trucks are fmall 

 ornamental pieces of wood like an acorn, &c. and are fixed on 

 the uppermoft point of the fpindle, above the vane on the 

 maft-head. Their ufe is to prevent the vane's unfhipping. 



Trucks, among Gunners, round pieces of wood, in 

 form of wheels, fixed on the axle-trees of carriages, to move 

 the ordnance at fea, and fometimes alfo at land. See 

 Carriage. 



Trucks are alfo a very large kind of wheel-barrows, with 

 high wheels moving on planks, ufed for conveying fluff 

 down a flight declivity in digging canals. 



T Rvci^-Barroivs are ufed in rope-making of different 

 fizes ; t-hey have three wheels, and are ufed to take hauls of 

 yarn from the yarn-houfe, and remnants of yarn, coils of 

 rope, &c. from the ground to the rope-houfe. 



TRUDENAU, in Geography, a town of Pomercha ; 

 9 miles S.E. of Dantzick. 



TRUE, fomething agreeable to the reahty of things, or 

 to truth. 



In this fenfe we fay, the true God, the true religion, true 

 gold, &c. in oppofition to falfe or pretended ones. 



True Love, in Botany. See Herb Paris. 



True Love of Canada. See Herb Paris of Canada. 



True Place of a' Planet, or Star, in AJlronomy. See 

 Place. 



True Altitude, Anomaly, AJlhma, Hori%on, Propofition, 

 Recovery, Ribs, and Suture. See the feveral articles. 



TRUENTUS, Tronto, or Otronte, in Ancient Geo- 

 graphy, a river of Italy, in the fouthern part of Picenum, 

 which paffed by Afculum. At its mouth was a fortified 

 place called " Caftrum Truentinum." 



TRUFFLES, formed from truje, or trujle, of the 

 Latin tuber, or tuberculum, tubera term, in Natural Hijlory, 

 a fort of fubterraneous vegetable produftion, or a kind of 

 mufhroom, the charafters of wliich are thefe : they are of a 

 fungous flefhy ftrufture, and are of a roundifh figure, 

 growing fometimes fingle, fometimes many together, and 

 always remaining under ground. See Tuber. 



Bradley calls them under-ground edible mujhrooms, or 

 Spanijh trubbes, and under-ground deer's-balls, or mujh- 



\ 



The ancients, it is evident from their writings, were not 

 acquainted with the fort of trufHes which we have in ufe at 

 prefent ; they defcribe theirs to have been of a reddifh colour, 

 and fmooth on the furface ; we at prefent know this kind very 

 well ; it is common in Italy, and is called the wild trufHe, 

 and difregarded. They had indeed the white African 

 truffle, fometimes brought to them, and held it in great 

 efteem for its flavour. The Romans called it the Lybian 

 tuber, and the Greeks the Cyrenian mify. lk 



Avicenna recommends thofe truffles as the befl, which ■ 

 were of a whitifh colour within ; and this not being a 

 clear white, he expreffes himfelf by a word which fignifies 

 fand-Coloured, alluding to duflcy-white fand, in common 

 ufe at that time. 



It is certain that the fineft truffles were called by fome 

 authors by this epithet arenofa, with a very different mean- 

 ing, only expreffing that they were produced in fandy 

 countries : the European truffles both then were, and now 

 are, moflly produced in dry ground on the fides of hills ; 

 but the Lybian were produced only in the burning fands of 

 that country, and thefe were therefore called fand-triiffles . 

 Serapio tells us, that the befl of all truffles were thofe pro- 

 duced in fand ; and Martial alludes to thefe, where he 

 defcribes the fineft truffles as breaking the furface of the 

 earth into cracks, and by that means direfting people where 

 to fearch for them. To which purpofe Leo Africanus fays 

 of the Lybian truffle, that the places where they are may be 

 known by the earth's being raifed into hillocks, and break- 

 ing into numerous cracks. 



The truffle is mofl abundantly produced in dry fields of 

 a reddifh loamy earth, not too poor, according to Phny, 

 chiefly after rains and thunders in autumn ; and they are 

 found to flourifh moft near the roots of elms, the ilex, and 

 fome other trees. They do not well bear the feverity of 

 hard winters, but are ufually fcarce all the feafon after fuch. 

 The fraalleft are found about the bignefs of a pea, reddifh 

 without and whitifh within, and they grow from this fize 

 fometimes to a pound weight, but fuch are not common ; 

 what are taken up in the fpring are diftinguifhed by their 

 white colour and infipidity to the tafle, and are com- 

 monly called white truffles : thofe taken up in autumn are 

 of a variegated colour within, and are called marble truffles ; 

 the inner fubftance having fwelled extremely and changed 

 colour, and the white part now remaining only in form of a 

 number of pipes or tubules, which feem in many places to 

 run to the extremity, and terminate in the chaps and 

 wrinkles of the back. The greyifh fubftance, which is 

 wrapped up among thefe tubule?, when examined by the 

 microfcope, appears to be a tranfparent parenchyma, com- 

 pofed of little bladders or hollow veffels, in the midft of 

 which may be feen fmall round bodies, which are unquef- 

 tionably the feeds of the truffle. 



' What 



