T U M 



TUMEFACTION, the aft of fweUing, or rifing into 

 a tumour. 



Inflammations and tumefaftions of the teftes frequently 

 happen in the gonorrhoea ; either from the weaknefs of the 

 veffels, violent motion, unfeafonable ufe of aftringents, a 

 negleft of purging, or the Lke. 



TUMEN, in Geography, a town of Perfia, in the pro- 

 vince of Ghilan ; i8 miles W. of Refhd. 



TUMERIZ, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn ; 

 6 miles W. of Nicolfburg. 



TUMEX, in the Materia Medica of the Ancients, a name 

 given by authors to a fort of tutty, the fame with the 

 cadm'ia plaeitis of Diofcorides and the Greeks. This was a 

 worfe kind than the botrytis. See Tsaphari. 



TUMMARRAH, in Geography, a town of Africa, in 

 Sahara. 



TUMMEL, a large river in Perthfhire, Scotland, rifes 

 on the confines of Argylelhire. Near its fource it forms a 

 broad lake, called Loch Rannock, at the termination of 

 which the river aflumes the name of the Tummel. In its pro- 

 grefs it forms another lake, called Loch Tummel, in which is 

 a fmall idand, with an old fortrefs or caftle, formerly the 

 refidence of the chief of the clan of the Robertfons. The 

 whole courfe of the Tummel is, rapid and furious,' and in 

 feveral places forms very romantic and pifturefque cafcades. 

 One of its falls, near its junftion with the Garry,, is parti- 

 cularly grand, as its whole water is precipitating over the 

 broken rocks with aftoniftiing violence. After its union 

 with the Garry, the charafter of the Tummel feems entirely 

 changed : before, it was an impetuous torrent ; it now be- 

 comes a quiet and placid ftream. The banks below the 

 junftion are extremely rich, and the river meanders through 

 a fine valley ; now dividing its ftream, and forming fmall 

 iflands, now running in a broad ftieet. Though the Tum- 

 mel is fmaUer than the Gairy, it gives the name to the river 

 formed by their union, becaufe it can trace its origin farther 

 back than the Garry, which is compofed of the waters of 

 the neighbouring hills, while the fource of the Tummel is a 

 confiderable lake, in its courfe fi-om which feveral diftant 

 ftreams contribute to its importance. The Tummel pours 

 its waters into the river Tay at Logierat — Garnet's Tour 

 through the Highlands, 4to. 1800. Beauties of Scotland, 

 vol. iv. Perththire, 1806. 



TUMMEROO, a town of Meckley ; 25 miles S.E. of 

 Munnypour. 



TUMMOO, a town of Meckley ; 45 miles S. of Mun- 

 nypour. 



TUMOURS. The meaning of the word tumour, in 

 Surgery, is exceedingly comprehenfive ; for it applies gene- 

 rally to the growth of all dillinft fuperfluous parts, or fub- 

 ilances, which did not make any portion of the original 

 ftruflure of the body, as well as to every morbid increafe in 

 the bulk of other parts, which naturally and always exifted 

 in the human frame. Within this definition will come the 

 greater number of difeafes ; as a/cites or dropfy, bronchocele, 

 adfma, fungus hizmatodcs, hydrocele, ganglions, inflammations 

 of various organs, while fwelUngs, aneurifms, abfctjfes, he- 

 ViQrrhoids or piles, exoflofes, excrefeences, polypi, hernia or 

 ruptures, fcirrhus, warts, &c. &c. (See thefe words.) 

 Had it, therefore, entered into our arrangement to confider, 

 in the prefent article, all the difeafts which may be clafled 

 as tumours, vve (hould have had a very tedious and laborious 

 tafk indeed, namely, that of writing out and prefenting to 

 the reader, in this part of the Cyclopasdia, a defcription of 

 the nature and treatment of at'leuft two-thirds of all the 

 difeafes ufually confidered as furgical. Our plan, however, 

 has been different ; and for the fake of avoiding all occafion 



T U M 



for fo long a produftion, vve have treated of numerous kinds 

 of tumours in feparate articles, which are alphabetically 

 diftributed in this Diftionary. 



In the prefent article, we propofe to offer a few general 

 remarks on the formation of tumours ; to defcribe parti- 

 cularly thofe of the encyfted and faicomalous kinds ; and to 

 give fome account of the manner of removing tumours in 

 general. 



It is difficult to give altogether an unobjeftionable ac- 

 count of the formation of tumours, the fecrets of which 

 procefs will perhaps never be difclofed. We know that 

 parts become thickened and enlarged by inflammation ; but 

 the caufes of the origin and growth of all fuch fwellings as 

 confift of fome new produftion, which made no part of the 

 original compofition of the body, may be faid to be totally 

 unknown. In Mr. Abernethy's furgical works will be 

 found fome remarks upon this fubjeft, which are far more 

 rational and interefting than thofe generally advanced. 



" The incipient flate of tumours," he obferves, " will 

 naturally firll engage our attention ; and thofe which per- 

 haps form the beft example and ilhiftration of the fubjeft, 

 are fuch as hang into cavities from the membranous furfaces, 

 which form their boundaries. The caufe of tumours having 

 a pendulous attachment attrafted the attention of Mr; 

 Hunter, who made the following remarks on the formation 

 of one on the inner furface of the peritoneum, as is related 

 by fir E. Home, in the Tranfaftions of a Society for the 

 Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, vol. i. 

 p. 231. ' The cavity of the abdomen being opened, there: 

 appeared lying upon the peritoneum a fmall portion of red 

 blood recently coagulated ; this, upon examination, was 

 found connefted to the furface, upon which it had been de- 

 pofited, by an attachment half an inch long ; and this neck 

 had been formed before the coagulum had lofl its red colour.' 

 Now had veffels (hot this flender neck, and organized the 

 clot of blood, as this would then have become a living part, 

 it might have grown to an indefinite magnitude, and its 

 nature and progrefs would probably have depended on the 

 organization which it had affumed. I have," fays Mr. 

 Abernethy, " in my poffeffion a tumour, doubtlefs formed 

 in the manner Mr. Hunter has defcribed, which hung pen- 

 dulous from the front of the peritoneum, and in which the 

 organization and confequent aftions have been fo far com- 

 pleted, that the body of the tumour has become a lump of 

 fat, whilft the neck is merely of a fibrous and vafcular tex- 

 ture. There can be little doubt, but that tumours form 

 every where in the fame manner. The coagulable part of 

 the blood, being either accidentally elfufed, or depoflted in 

 confequence of diieafe, becomes afterwards an organized 

 and living part, by the growth of the adjacent veffels and 

 nerves into it. When the depofited fubflance has its attach- 

 ment by a fingle thread, all its vafcular fupply muft proceed 

 through that part ; but, in other cafes, the veffels fhoot into 

 it irregularly at various parts of its furface. Thus, an un- 

 organized concrete becomes a living tumour, which has at 

 firft no perceptible pecuharity as to its nature : though it 

 derives a fupply of nourilhment from the furrounding parts, 

 it feems to live and grow by its own independent powers ; 

 and the future ftrufture, which it may acquire, feems to 

 depend on the operation of its own veffels. When the or- 

 ganization of a gland becomes changed into that unnatural 

 ftrufture, which is obfervable in tumours, it may be thought 

 in fome degree to contradift thofe obfervations ; but, in this 

 cafe, the fubftance of the gland is the matrix, in which the 

 tumour is formed. 



" The ftrufture of a tumour is fometimes like that of the 

 parts near which it grows. Thofe which are pendulous into 



joints 



