TUN 



occafionally walk. On Mount-Sion, Mount-Pleafant, 

 Mount -Ephraim, and Bifliop's-Down, are difperfed fome 

 neat vnllas. That of the late celebrated writer, Richard 

 Cumberland, efq., is on Mount-Sion, and was his retreat 

 for many years. 



The High Rocks, about a mile and a half fouth-weftward 

 from the Wells, are much celebrated, and certainly form a 

 very romantic and ftriking pifture. This fp'ot is faid to 

 have been firft brought into notice by James II., who, 

 when duke of York, came hither with his duchefs and his 



two daughters, afterwards the queens Mary and Anne 



Buit's Hiftory of Tunbridge-Wells, 8vo. 1766. Beauties 

 of England and Wales, vol. viii. Kent ; by E. W. 

 Brayley. 



TuNBRiDGE, a townfliip of Vermont, in the county of 

 Orange, containing 1640 inhabitants; 20 miles N.N.W. 

 of Hanover. 



TUNE, the title of a fhort melody, or feries of notes, in 

 fome fpecific meafure. If vocal, it is a ballad ; if merely 

 inftrumental, it is a country-dance, a jig, or a hornpipe. 

 Our parochial pfalmody confifts of pfalm tunes. The 

 mufic of the " Beggar's Opera" is a medley of tunes fe- 

 lefted from the ftreets of all nations, that are never honoured 

 with the name of airs. See Ballad. 



Scotch, Irifh, and Weldi fongs and dances, are called 

 national tunes. The tonadillas and fequidillas of Spain are 

 hkewife national tunes ; as are the elegant little ftreet- 

 fongs of Venice, called Venetian ballads ; and fuch are the 

 pleafing and popular Provencal and Languedocian melodies, 

 very diifercnt from the Faiidevilles and ballad tunes of the 

 Pont-neuf and ftreets of Paris. 



Thus far concerns tune as a fubftantive : as a verb, to tune, 

 is a preparation for the performance of mufic. A found 

 may be fweet, clear, and very perfeft in itfelf, yet agree 

 with none of its relatives on any inftrument, or in any key : 

 it is then faid to be out of tune. The regulator of all founds 

 in a mufical compofition is the key-note of a diatonic fcale, 

 in which every found mull be in tune with all the intervals. 

 " Tune your harps to cheerful ftrains ;" that is, render 

 your harps fit for tune or fong. This belongs to intona- 

 tion, found, mufical tones. Intona%ioni perfidi, in Italian, is 

 an expreffion for falfe intonation, out of tune, in finging or 

 playing. So in French, intonation vraie, intonation faujfe, 

 are mufical expreflions for true or falfe intonation. En- 

 ionner, in Romirti cathedrals, is to giVc the tone of an 

 anthem, a hymn, with the organ ; and in our cathedrals, of 

 the refponfes. 



Our great lexicographer^ though no mufician himfelf, has 

 defined the expreifion, to tune, with true technical accuracy, 

 in faying that it is " to put infiruments into fuch a ftate, as 

 that the proper founds may be produced." Dr. Holder 

 well defines the word tunable, when he fays, " all tunable 

 founds, of which the human voice is one, are made by a 

 regular vibration of the fonorous body, and undulation of 

 the air, proportionable to the acutenefs or gravity of the 

 jtone." 



Caufe and Meafure of Tone, or that on luhich a Tone of a 

 Sound depends. — Sonorous bodies, we find, differ in tone : 



1 . According to the different kinds of matter ; thus the 

 found of a piece of gold is much graver, than that of a piece 

 of filver of the fame fhape and dimenfions ; in which cafe, 

 the tones are proportional to the fpecific gravities. 



2. According to the different quantities of the fame 

 matter in bodies of the fame figure ; as a folid fphere 

 of brafs, one foot in diameter, founds acuter than a fphere of 

 brafs two feet in diameter ; in which cafe the tones are pro- 

 portional to the quantities of matter. See Gravity. 



TUN 



Here then are different tones connefted with different 

 fpecific gravities, and different quantities of matter : yet 

 cannot the different degrees of tone be referred to thofe 

 quantities, &c. as the immediate caufe. In effeft, the 

 meaf\ires of tone are only to be fought in the relations of 

 the motions that are the caufe of found, which are no where 

 fo difcernible as in the vibrations of chords. 



Sounds, we know, are produced in chords by their vibra- 

 tory motions ; not, indeed, by thofe fenfible vibrations of 

 the whole chord, but by the infenfible ones, which are in- 

 fluenced by the fenfible, and, in all probability, are propor- 

 tional to them. So that founds may be as juftly meafured 

 in the latter, as they could be in t!ie former, did they fall 

 under our fcnfes : but even the fenfible vibrations are too 

 fmall and quick to be immediately meafured. The only 

 refource we have, is to find what proportion they have with 

 fome other thing : which is effcfted by the different tenfions, 

 or thicknefs, or lengths of chords, which, in all other refpefts, 

 excepting fome one of thofe mentioned, are the fame. 



Now, in the general, we find that in two chords, all 

 things being equal, excepting the tenfion, or the thicknefs, 

 or the length, the tones are different ; there muft, therefore, 

 be a difference in die vibrations owing to thofe different 

 tenfions, &c. which difference could only be in the velocity 

 of the courfes and recourfes of the chords, through the 

 fpaces in which they move to and again. Now, upon 

 examining the proportion between that velocity, and the 

 things juft mentioned, on which it depends, it is found to 

 a demonftration, that all the vibrations of the fame chords 

 are performed in equal times. 



Hence, as the tone of a found depends on the nature of 

 thofe vibrations, whofe differences we can conceive no other- 

 wife than as having different velocities ; and as the fmall 

 vibrations of the lame chord are all performed in equal 

 time ; and as it is found true in faft, that the found of any 

 body arifing from one individual ftroke, though it grows 

 gradually weaker, yet continues in the fame tone from firft 

 to laft ; it follows that the tone is neceffarily connefted 

 with a certain quantity of time in making every fingle vibra- 

 tion ; or that a certain number of vibrations, accomplilhed 

 in a given time, conflitutes a certain and determinate tone ; 

 for the frequenter thofe vibrations are, the more acute is 

 the tone ; and the flower and fewer they are in the fame 

 fpace of time, by fo much the more grave is the tone ; fo 

 that any given note of a tone is made by one certain meafure 

 of velocity or vibration, i. e. fuch a certain number of 

 courfes and recourfes of a chord or ftring, in fuch a certain 

 fpace of time, conftitutes a detenninate tone. See Sound. 



This theory is fl;rongly fupported by our beft and lateft 

 writers on mufic. Dr. Holder, Mr. Malcolm, &c. both 

 from reafon and experience. Dr. Wallis, who owns it very 

 reafonable, adds, that it is evident the degrees of acutenefs 

 are reciprocally as the lengths of the chords ; though, he fays, 

 he will not pofitively affirm, that the degrees of acutenefs 

 anfwer the number of vibrations, as their only true caufe : 

 but his diffidence arifes hence, that he doubts whether the 

 thing has been fufficiently confirmed by experiment. In- 

 deed, whether the different number of vibrations in a given 

 time be the true caufe, on the part of the objeft, of our 

 perceiving a difference of tone, is a thing which we conceive 

 does not come within the reach of experiment ; it is fuffi- 

 cient the hypothefis is reafonable. 



Tune by Water, To. See Lasus, Hyppasus, and 

 Water. 



TUNEKA, in Geography, a town of Ruffia, in the go- 

 vernment of Irkutik, on the Ilim ; 84 miles N. of Bala- 

 eanfkoi. 



TUNES, 



