TUN 



TUNGUSES, a branch or divifion of the Mandfhures, 

 or Mandfhu, who originally compofed one people with them, 

 as appears not only from their mutual refemblance in features, 

 manners, and cuftoms, but chiefly from their agreement in 

 language. The Tungufes call themfelves CEvoees, probably 

 from the fuppofed founder of their race ; or, like moft of the 

 Siberian tribes, from the word which in their language figni- 

 fies men. They are called Tungufes only by the Oftiaks of 

 the Yeniffey and the Tartars. By the Mandfhu, they are de- 

 nominated Soloml, proteftors, or Orontfchon, people with rein- 

 deer. The extenfive deferts in which they now nomadize,reach 

 from W. to E. from the Yenifley acrofs the Lena, as far as 

 the Amoor and the Eaftern ocean. From S. to N. they keep 

 between about the 53d and 65th degree of N. lat., and ac- 

 cordingly touch neither upon the Soongarian borders, nor 

 upon the coafts of the Frozen ocean. Being of an accom- 

 modating difpofition, they have admitted into their feats 

 Oftiaks, Samoyedes, and particularly Yakutans. The dif- 

 trifts now mentioned lie moftly in the government of Ir- 

 kutflc ; neverthelefs, fome few races of the Tungufes are 

 reckoned as belonging to the government of Tobolfli. The 

 firll accounts which the Ruffians obtained of thefe people 

 were received from the Oftiaks of the Yenifley ; and in the 

 year 1607, Coflacks were firft fent from Mangafey againft the 

 Tungufes, to force them into fubmiffion. On occ?.(ion of 

 thefe RulTian attacks, the Tungufes difplayed a greater de- 

 gree of courage than the other Siberians ; nor were they 

 brought to the imperfeft ftate of fubmiffion in which they 

 are now held, till the latter half of the laft century. By the 

 enumeration of the year 1766, they confifted of 12,000 

 males ; but befides thefe, diftinft Tunguiian ftems wander 

 among the Siberian nations, who together amount to about 

 1700 yourts, or families. Although they conftitute one of 

 the moft numerous nations of Siberia, yet, on account of 

 their roaming mode of life, few ftems of them can be aftually 

 regiftered. The Tungufes who nomadize about the coafts 

 of the Eaftern ocean, are known under the name of " La- 

 muts." Of thefe, in the forementioned year, only about 

 400 men were enrolled to the payment of tribute. 



The Tungufes are indefatigable in the chace, and are con- 

 ftantly changing their habitation. In the feafons of fithing 

 and of coUefting berries, they remain for fome time nearly 

 ftationary ; and then they remove their tents, leaving their 

 fupplies of dried fifti and berries in large boxes, conftrufted 

 on trees or poles, for the benefit of themfelves and their 

 tribes, in travelling during the winter. They feem callous 

 to the effefts of heat or cold ; their tents are covered with 

 fliamoy, or the inner bark of the birch, which they render 

 as pliable as leather, by rolling it up, and keeping it for fonne 

 time in the fteam of boiling water and fmoke. Their winter 

 drefs is the fkin of the deer, or wild ftieep, dreffed with the 

 hair on it ; a breaft-piece of the fame, which ties round the 

 Beck, and reaches down to the waift, widening towards the 

 bottom, and neatly ornamented with embroidery and beads ; 

 pantaloons of the fame materials, which alfo furnifh them 

 with {hort ftockings, and boots of the legs of rein-deer, 

 with the hair outward ; a fur cap and gloves. Their fum- 

 mer drefs only differs in being iimple leather without the 

 hair. They are religious obfervers of their word, pundtual 

 and exatl in traffic ; fome few are chriftened ; but moft of 

 them are Demonolatrians, have their forcerers, and ficrifice 

 chiefly to evil fpirits. They commonly hunt with the bow and 

 arrow, but fome have rifle-barrelled guns. Inftead of burying 

 the dead, they place the body, dreffed in its beit apparel, in 

 a ftrong box, and fufpend it between two trees. The im- 

 plements of the chace belonging to the deceafed are buried 

 under the box. Except a forcerer is very near, no ceremony 



TUN 



is obferved ; but in his prefence they kill a deer, offer a part 

 to the demons, ami eat the reft. They allow polygamy, 

 but the firft wife is the chief, and is attended by the reft. 

 The ceremony of marriage is a iimple purchafe from her 

 father ; and the price is from 20 to 100 deer, or the bride- 

 groom works during a ftated time for the benefit of the 

 bride's father. The unmarried are not remarkable for chaf- 

 tity. A man will give his daughter for a time to any friend 

 or traveller to whom he is attached ; if he has no daughter, 

 he will give his fervant, but not his wives. They are in fize . 

 fomewhat below the common ftature, very aftive, and have 

 lively inviting countenances, with fmall eyes ; and both fexes 

 are very fond of brandy. The Tungufes wander about the 

 mountains, and feldom vifit fuch plains as ar£ occupied by 

 Yakuts ; but frequently refort to the folitary habitations of 

 the CofTacks, appointed to the different ftages ; as they are 

 there generally fupphed with brandy, needles, thread, and 

 fuch trifles as are requifite among them and their women, who 

 always accompany them in their wanderings. See Mand- 



SHURES. 



TUNGUSKA, a river of Ruffia, which rifes in lake 

 Baikal, and runs into the Enifei, about 20 miles S. of Eni- 

 feiilt : in the former part of its courfe it is called Angara, 

 in the latter Tungujha or YenifTey. 



This Upper Tunguflia, for there are tliree rivers of the 

 fame name, which bears the name of Angara till it unites 

 with the Ilim, takes up feveral other rivers, as the Koda, 

 the Tfhalovetch, the Iriki, the Kamenka, the Olenka, and 

 the Tatarflcaia, all on the right ; and to the left, the Oka, 

 and tlie Tfliuna or Uda. This Tunguflca has for the moft 

 part a bed ftrewed with rocks, and forms feveral catarafts, 

 five of which are very confiderable. Although it be na- 

 vigable, the navigation is toilfome and difficult. The Middle 

 or Podkammenaia Tungufka rifes in the government of Ir- 

 kutfl<, among the Baikal mountains, not far from the origin 

 of the Lena ; and after a courfe of about 800 verlls, and 

 after liaving, on the right, taken up the Tfhiucha and the 

 Tfhorna, falls into the YenifTey in 62° N. lat. The Lower 

 or Nivne'i Tungufka takes its fource in the fame diftrict, but 

 bends its courfe northward, and after having taken up on 

 the left the rivers Niepa, Svetlaia, with many others, and 

 on the right the Rofmakaika, the Turiga, and the Gorela, 

 and running a courfe of about 1500 verfts, ftrikes into the 

 YenifTey, not far from Turukanfk. In this river are feveral 

 dangerous whirlpools. 



TUNGUSKOI, UsT,a town of Ruffia, in the govern- 

 ment of Tobolfk ; 24 miles S. of Enifeifl<, at the conflux 

 of the Enifei and Tungufka. 



TUNGUSLI, a town of Ruffia, in the government of 

 Tobolfk, on the Oby ; 56 miles S. of Tara. 



TUNIA, or Tu-VJA, a town of South America, in the 

 viccroyalty of New Granada ; 6c miles N. of Santa Fc de 

 Bogota. Tunia, founded in 1539, was formerly an opulent 

 town, but has now declined, the inhabitants not exceeding 

 400. The edifices retain marks of former fplendour, and 

 the parifh-church might well ferve for a cathedral. Here 

 are three convents, that might anfwer the purpofe of ma- 

 nufactories. N. lat. 5° 5'. W. long. 72° 56'. 



TUNIC, in Botany and Vegetable P/'j/lology, the E tlift" 

 name of the appendage to certain feeds, termed Arillus m 

 Latin ; fee that article, where, however, the explanation 

 given by our predeceffor, Dr. Woodville, refers only to the 

 ufe of the term Arillus in the genus Carex. The Tunic, 

 or Aritlus, is attached to the bafe only of the feed, imme- 

 diately adjoining to the Scar, Hiluni, and envelops the reft 

 of the feed more or lefs completely and clofely. Its fize 

 and texture, as well as colour, are various. In the Spindle- 

 tree, 



