TUN 



tree, Euonymus, ihz part in queftion is a pulpy, wrinkled, 

 orange-coloured wrapper ; in Aj'-zeliu a beautiful, firm, clofe, 

 fcarlet cup, embracing great part of the lower half of the 

 black hard feed ; in Hippophdc a double membranous, but 

 tough, coat, within the pulp of the berry ; in Myrijiica, the 

 Nutmeg, a jagged, brittle, highly aromatic, complex inte- 

 gument, well known by the name of Mace. Narthecium, 

 and great part of the Orchidea:, have each of their minute 

 feeds clothed in a lax membranous Tunic, extending beyond 

 them at each end, and probably defigned to give them 

 buoyancy, hke a fort of wing. Oxalis has an elailic pouch- 

 like Tunic, ferving to projeft its pohfhed feeds to a diflance, 

 hke the hard rigid bivalve Tunic of Didamnus, Boronia,znd 

 their allies. ( See RutacejB. ) That curious genus named by 

 M. Konig, in Ann. of Bot. v. 2. 569, BUghia, the Akee of 

 Guinea and the Weft Indies, has each feed fupported by a 

 large, flefhy, lobed Tunic, for which alone, as a delicate ar- 

 ticle of food, the tree is cultivated. Some difficulty occa- 

 lionally arifesin difcriminating between a real Arillus and the 

 Tejla of certain feeds, or at leaft the outer coat of the latter. 

 ( See Testa. ) This difficulty occurs in the order of A/perl- 

 folin ; witnefs Cynoghjfum ; while the real capfules of Gera- 

 nium, Pelargonium, Mal-va, &c. have, on the other hand, 

 been fometimes called Arilli. 



TUNICA, a kind of waiftcoat, or under garment, worn 

 by the ancients, both at Rome and in the Eaft. 



The common people ordinarily wore only a tunica ; but 

 thofe of better fa(hion wore a toga or gown over it. The 

 philofophers wore a gown without a tunica, as profefling to 

 go half naked. 



The tunica was peculiar to the men ; the under garment 

 of the women not being called tunica, htxtjlola. 



The fenators wore their tunica enriched with feveral little 

 pieces of purple, cut in form of large nails ; whence it 

 was called laticlaii'm : the knights had lefs nails on their tu- 

 nica, which was hence called angujlic/awa : the common 

 people wore their tunica without any davi at all. And it 

 was by thefe three different forts of tunicas, that the three 

 different orders of the Roman people were diftinguiflied in 

 habit. 



It has been a common opinion, that the angufticlavia dif- 

 tinguilhed the knights from the common people, in the fame 

 manner as the laticlavia did the fenators from thofe of the 

 equeft;rian rank. But Rubenius avers that there was no 

 manner of difference between the tunics of the knights and 

 thofe of the commons. As to the perfons who had the ho- 

 ■jiour of wearing the laticlavia, it may be maintained, fays 

 Kennet (Ant. of Rome, p. 308.), that the fons of thofe 

 fenators who were patricians had the privilege of ufing this 

 veil in their childhood, together with the prxtexta. But 

 the fons of fuch fenators as were not patricians, did not put 

 on the laticlavia till they applied themfelves to the fervicc of 

 the commonwealth, and to bearing offices. Yet Auguilus 

 changed thiscuftom, and gave the fons of any fenators leave 

 to affume the laticlavia prefently .ifter the time of their 

 putting on the toga virihs, though they were not yet capable 

 of honours. And by the particular favour of the emperors, 

 the fame privilege was allowed to the more fplendid famihes 

 of the knights. 



In the declenfion of the empire, the tunics did not only 

 reach down to the ancles, whence they were called talares, 

 but had fleeves too coming down to the hands, whence they 

 were called ch'irodotie. And now it was counted as fcan- 

 dalous to appear without fleeves, as it had been hitherto to 

 be feen in them : and, therefore, in the writers of that age, 

 we commonly find the accufed perfons at a trial habited in a 

 tunic without fleeves, as a mark of difgrace and infamy. 

 Vot. XXXVI. 



TUN 



Befides the different forts of tunicas above-mentioned, there 

 was alfo the tunica palmata, worn by generals in a triumpli, 

 and perhaps always under the toga pifta. It hath its name 

 either from the great breadth of the clavi, equal to the palm 

 of the hand, or elfe from the figures of palms embroidered 

 on it. 



Among religious, the woollen fhirts, or under garments, 

 are ftyled tunicas, or tuniques. 



Tunica, in Anatomy, a technical name applied to the 

 membranes which compofe various organs ; thus the ferous 

 and mucous membranes, and the . mufcular ftratum of the 

 flomach or inteflines, are called their tunics : in the fame way 

 we have the tunics or coats of the eye, the blood-vefTels, 

 the teftes, &c. &c. 



Tunica, in Botany, a name adopted by Dillenius, as 

 he himfelf avows, from the apothecaries, and perhaps ori- 

 ginally corrupted by fhem from Fetonica, or Betonica, its 

 fynonyms. Thefe names all belong to the Flos Caryophyllus, 

 Clove-flower, Carnation, or Pink ; and Dillenius was led to 

 the above choice, for the purpofe of removing the ambiguity 

 arifing from Caryophyllus, (fee that article,) as properly be- 

 longing to the valuable fpice called Cloves. Linnaeus, not 

 fatisfied with either appellation, invented a new one, which 

 has been generally approved. See Dianthus. 



TUNICATED Roots, among Botanifls, fuch as are 

 formed of a multitude of coats furrounding one another. 

 See Root. 



TUNIOK, in Geography, a town of Hungary, on the 

 river Samos ; 6 miles E. of Etfed. 



TUNIS, a city of Africa, and capital of the country fo 

 called, fituated on a rifing ground, on the weft bank of a 

 lake, or rather a fhallow in form of a lake, communicating 

 with the gulf by a narrow channel. The fituation of Tunis, 

 probably firft chofen by fome fifhermen, to whom that of 

 almoft all the maritime cities is to be afcribed, appeared to 

 the inhabitants to be preferable to that of Carthage ; as foon 

 as, enriched by rapine, they dared openly to attack the 

 trade of every nation. The eminence on which the ruins of 

 Carthage, N.E. of Tunis, that ancient rival of Rome, ad- 

 vances into the middle of the gulf, and on that account 

 would have expofed the Tunifians to be taken by furpnfe. 

 This city was called, by Diodorus Siculus, " Lfeucon Tuneta," 

 that is. White Tunis ; perhaps from the chalky chffs which 

 lie round it, when viewed from the fea ; and was founded 

 about 1250 or 1300 years B.C., as appears from Herodotus 

 and the Parian chronicle. It is furrounded by lakes and 

 marfhes, which, however, do not render it unhealthy, which 

 is, by Dr. Shaw, attributed to the number of maftich and 

 myrtle trees, rofemary, and other gummy and aromatic 

 plants, with which they heat their ovens and their baths : 

 the water is obtained a mile diftant, for the general tife of 

 the inhabitants. The infcfttd atmofphere of Tunis is attri- 

 buted by baron de Tott to the putrid emanations of a 

 channel, which conveys all the filth of the city to a neigh- 

 bouring lake ; which lake likewife produces exhalations that 

 appear no lefs dangerous ; and the falubrity of Tunis, he 

 fays, can only be attributed to the depth of the valley, 

 which comes down to the gulf, and which, by attrafting 

 the vapours of the channel and the lake, does not allow them 

 to acquire that degree of corruption which would render 

 them hurtful to the conftitution of tlie inhabitants. The 

 Tunifians are the moft civihzed nation of Barbary, with 

 httle of the infolent haughtinefs of the Algerines ; and af- 

 fairs with the government are tranfaded with eafe : the 

 Englifh, French, Dutch, and feveral European ftates, liav- 

 ing confuls here, who are treated with civiHty and reipeft. 

 Including the fuburbs, Tunis is, by Dr. Shaw, fuppofcd 

 3F to 



