T U R 



T U R 



Turbo Cochlea, in Natural Htpry, a name by which 

 fome authors have called the Perlian Ihell, a fpecies of con- 

 cha globofa, or dolium. 



Many have been puzzled with this fliell, not knowing in 

 what clafs to rank it ; and Aldrovand has placed it at the 

 end of his work, faying, that it would feem to belong to the 

 turbinated kinds, but that it wants the turbo. 



TURBOT, in Ichthyology, a name given to the fifh 

 which, in the fyftems of Artedi and Linnsus, is a fpecies of 

 pleuroncftes, being the pkuroneaes of the former, with the 

 eyes on the left fide, and a rough body, and the pkuroneaes 

 maximiis of the latter, and the rhombus maximus a/per nan 

 fquamofus of Ray- See Pleuronectes Maximut. 



Turbots grow to a large fize, fome of them weighing 

 from twenty-three to thirty pounds. They are taken chiefly 

 off the north coaft of England, and others off the Dutch 

 coaft. The large turbots (as well as feveral other kinds of 

 flat fifli) are taken by the hook and line, for they lie in deep 

 water ; the method of taking them in weirs, or ftaked nets, 

 being very precarious. When the filhermen go out to fifh, 

 each perfon is provided with three lines, which are coiled 

 on a flat oblong piece of wicker-work ; the hooks being 

 baited, and placed regularly in the centre of the coil. Each 

 line is furnifhed with fourteen fcore of hooks, at the diftance 

 of fix feet two inches from each other. The hooks are faf- 

 tened to the lines upon fneads of twilled horfe-hair, twenty- 

 feven inclies in length. When fifhing, there are always 

 three men in each coble, and confequently nine of thefe lines 

 are faftened together, and ufed as one line, extending in 

 length near three miles, and furnifhed with 2520 hooks. 

 An anchor and a buoy are fixed at the firfl end of the hne, 

 and one more of each at the end of each man's lines ; in all 

 four anchors, which are common perforated ftones, and four 

 buoys made of leather or cork. This line is always laid 

 acrofs the current. The tides of flood and ebb continue an 

 equal time upon our coaft, and, when undifturbed by winds, 

 run each way about fix hours ; they are fo rapid that the 

 fifhermen can only fhoot and haul their lines at the turn of 

 tide, and therefore the lines always remain upon the ground 

 about fix hours ; during which time the myxine glutinofa of 

 Linnjeus will frequently penetrate the fifh that are on the 

 hooks, and entirely devour them, leaving only the fkin and 

 bones. The fame rapidity of tides prevents their ufing 

 hand-hnes ; and therefore two of the people commonly 

 wrap themfelves in the fail, and fleep while the other keeps 

 a ilrift look-out, for fear of being run down by fhips, and 

 to obferve the weather. For ftorms often rife fo fuddenly, 

 that it is with extreme difficulty they can fometimes efcape 

 to the fhore, leaving their lines behind. Befides the coble, 

 the fifhermen have alfo a five-men boat, which is forty feet 

 long, and fifteen broad, and of twenty-five tons burthen ; 

 k is fo called, though navigated by fix men and a boy, be- 

 caufe one of the men is commonly hired to cook, &c. and 

 does not fhare in the profits with the other five. 



This boat is decked at each end, but open in the middle, 

 and has two large lug-fails. 



All our able fifliermen go in thefe boats to the herring- 

 fifhery at Yarmouth, in the latter end of September, and 

 return about the middle of November. The boats are then 

 laid up till the beginning of Lent, at which time they go 

 off in them to the edge of the Dogger, and other places, to 

 fifh for lurbot, cod, ling, fltates, &c. They always take 

 two cobles on board, and when they come upon the ground, 

 anchor the boat, throw out the cobles, and fifh in the fame 

 manner as thofe do who go from tlie fhore in a coble ; 

 with this difference only, that here each man is provided 

 with double the quantity of lines, and inftead of waiting the 



return of the tide in the coble, return to their boat and 

 bait their other lines ; thus hawHng one fet, and fhooting 

 another every turn of tide. They commonly run into 

 harbour twice a week to deliver their fifh. 



The beft bait for all kinds of fifh is frefh herring cut in 

 pieces of a proper fize ; the five-men boats are always 

 furnifhed with nets for taking them. Next to herrings 

 are the leffer lamprey. The next baits in efteem are 

 fmall haddocks cut in pieces, fand-worms, and limpets, 

 here called Jiiddcrs, and when none of thefe can be had, 

 they ufe bullock's liver. The hooks are two inches and a 

 half long in the fhank, and near an inch wide between the 

 thank and the point. The line is made of fmall cording, 

 and is always tanned before it is ufed. 



Turbots, and all the rays, are extremely delicate in their 

 choice of baits ; for if a piece of herring or haddock has 

 been twelve hours out of the fea, and then ufed as bait, 

 they will not touch it. Pennant's Brit. Zool. vol. iii. 

 p. 234, &c. 



TURBOWKA, in Geography, a town of RufEa, in 

 Poland ; 32 miles S.E. of Zytomiers. 



TURBUNNY, a town of Napaal ; 60 miles S.W. of 

 Catmandu. 



TURC^, in Ancient Geography, the name of a people 

 who inhabited the environs of the Palus Maeotides, accord- 

 ing to Pomponius Mela. See Turk. 



TURCHANS, or RooHANs, in Zoology, a kind of 

 wild horfes in the great defert about Azof. They are 

 higher than the tarpons, (which fee,) mofs-grey in colour, 

 vsrith long upright ftanding ears, their manes and tails thin- 

 ner and fhorter than the common breed, their coats long 

 and thick. They feed by thoufands together in one taboon. 

 The Khirges Rhaiffaks fhoot them with guns, and eat 

 them. 



TURCICA Sella. See Sella. 



Turcica Terra, Turkey Earth, in the Materia Medica, a 

 very fine bole or medicinal earth, dug in great plenty in the 

 neighbourhood of Adrianople, and ufed by the Turks as 

 a fudorific and aftringent, and famous among them in pef- 

 tilential difeafes. It is fometimes brought over to us alfo 

 made up into flattifh orbicular maffes, of two or three 

 drachms weight, and fealed with fome Turkifli charafters. 

 The earth is of a fomewhat lax and friable texture, yet con- 

 fiderably heavy, of a greyifh-red colour, but always redder 

 on the furface than within ; extremely foft, and naturally of 

 a fmooth furface. It breaks eafily between the fingers, and 

 melts freely in the mouth, with a confiderably ftnmg aftrin- 

 gent tafte. It adheres but flightly to the tongue, raifes 

 no effervefcence with acids, and burns to a dufty yellow 

 colour. Hill. 



Many authors who have written of the materia medica, 

 and of foffils in general, have indifcriminately called the va- 

 rious kinds of Lemnian earth by this name ; but the true 

 terra turcica, defcribed by Schroder, Wormius, &c. is a 

 different fubftance, though not fufBciently charafterifed 

 by thofe authors to diftinguifh it from all the other earths. 



TURCKHEIM, in Geography, a town of Germany, 

 in the lordfhip of Mindelheim ; 6 miles E. of Mindelheim. 

 — Alfo, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Upper Rhine, formerly imperial ; 3 miles W. of Colmar. 



Turckheim Rheln, a town of France, in the depart- 

 ment of Mont Tonnerre ; 4 miles N. of Worms. 



TURCO, a town of Peru, in the diocefe of La Plata ; 

 60 miles E.N.E. of Atacama. S. lat. 20° 30'. W. 

 long. 68° 20'. 



TURCOCORIA, a town of European Turkey, in 

 Livadia ; 14 miles N. of Livadia. 



TURCOIN, 



