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rarefying, fpreads and diffufes throughout the whole fub- 

 ftance of the (lone. This matter, again, he concludes to 

 have been either originally the juice contained in the bones, 

 fince mixed and coagulated with the petrifying juice, or 

 fome other mineral matter infinuated into the pores of the 

 ftone. 



According to M. Reaumur's Mem. Par. 17 15, nitrous 

 acid will not diffolve that of Perfia, though it will that of 

 France, which fhews a difference between them. 



Dr. Woodward maintains, that the turcoh, or callais of 

 Pliny, is nothing elfe but fofGle ivor>- tinged with copper ; 

 b^it Mr. Mortimer, who produced a fpecimen of the turcois 

 to the Royal Society, is of opinion, that thofe which au- 

 thors call ftones of the old rock, and in which the colour 

 is permanent, are real mineral ftones ; the form and fize of 

 the fample which he produced e\4ncing this ; for its (hape 

 fliews that it could not be part of any animal bone, but its 

 botryoid form feems to prove, that it is the produft of fire, 

 which has once melted this fubftance, and that when it 

 cooled, its furface was formed into blifters and bubbles, in 

 the fame manner as the hsematites botryoides, or blood- 

 ftone, whofe furface confifts of knobs, refembhng a bunch 

 of grapes. He apprehends the ekphas tj-jx-o;-, or ebur 

 fojfils of Theophraftus, to be what Dr. Woodward calls the 

 turcois, and fufpefts that it is what De Boodt calls the 

 new rock. He thinks that, for diftindion fake, all thefe 

 ftones of ivory origin fhould be called pfeudo-turchejide, or 

 bafiard turcois. By a chemical analyfis he concluded, that his 

 ftone was a rich copper ore ; fome of it pounded and dif- 

 folved in fpirit of hartfhorn gave a deep blue ; in aqua 

 fortis, a fine green ; and an iron wire put into it was in an 

 hour's time incrufted with copper ; fome of it, being cal- 

 cined without any flux in a crucible, ran to a flag or half- 

 vitrified fubftance ; whereas the fame heat, if it had been 

 ivory or bone, would have reduced it to a white a(h, hke 

 bone-afhes, for it was expofed to a fire that vitrified the 

 tile which covered it. Its hardnefs and confiftence to an 

 engraver's tool feemed to be the fame as that of common 

 white marble ; its colour was not improved by heat, and it 

 became brittle when red-hot. 



Sir Hans Sloane had feveral fpecimens of thefe oriental 

 turcoifes, which are all botryoid, and feem to be copper 

 ores ; and in his mufeum there are alfo famples of turcoifes' 

 from Spain and the fouth of France, which are fmall, and 

 feem to be pieces of ivoqr tinged with copper. Phil. Tranf. 

 vol. xliv. art. 17. 



The great defeft of turcoifes in general is, that in time 

 they lofe their blue colour, and become green ; and then 

 ceafe to be of any value. 



The pale blue of the natural turcois gem, is a very fa- 

 vourite colour in the glafs-trade, and is given to glafs in 

 the following manner. Firft calcine common fea-falt, and 

 beat it into fine powder ; then make a pot of the fea-green 

 glafs, of a fair and full colour ; to this, when in fufion, 

 throw in at times the powder of fait, till the mafs has loft 

 all its tranfparence, and is become paler and opaque ; then 

 add, by very fmall quantities at a time, more and more fait, 

 till the colour is exaftly that of the turcois gem ; and when 

 it is fo, work it immediately, for the fait is foon burnt off, 

 and the glafs becomes tranfparent, and of its green colour. 

 If it become tranfparent while working, more fait muft be 

 thrown in, and that will reduce it to the fame opacity again. 

 Neri's Art of Glafs, p. 57. See Glass. 



For making a pafte refembling the turcois, fee Paste. 

 TURCOMANIA, in Geography, that part of Armenia 

 which belongs to the Turks. 

 TURCOMANS. See Turkomans. 



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TURCZYNKA, a town of Poland, in Volhynia ; 38 

 miles N. of Zytomiers. 



TURDE, in Ancient Geography, a town of Italy, be- 

 longing to the Velumbri, according to Ptolemy. 



TURDETANI, or Turdetans, a confiderable people 

 of Spain, in Betica, a great part of which they occupied. 

 The Turdetans were confidered as the moft diftinguiihed 

 people of Spain. They ftudied their language ; they were 

 in poffeffion of ancient hiftories, and of laws written in 

 verfe : they were regarded as the moft pohfhed people of the 

 whole province, on account of the commerce which they car- 

 ried on with ftrangers, and particularly with the Phoenicians. 

 When the Phcenicians firft landed on the coafts of Turde- 

 tania, they found filver fo abundant, that all the moveables 

 of the inhabitants, not excepting the meaneft and moft tri- 

 vial, were made of this metal. Strabo fays, that when the 

 Turdetani became fubjeft to the Romans, they affumed the 

 manners of their conquerors, and forgot their own language, 

 adopting that of the Romans. Their provinces furpalfed all 

 others in riches and cultivation, in honeftyand religious zeal. 

 This country fupplied great abundance of cheefe, wine, oil, 

 honey, wax, faffron, vermilion, &c. particularly fine wool. 



TURDULI, a people of Spain, in Betica, towards the 

 S.E. According to Strabo, the'Turduli and Turdetani 

 were the fame people. 



TURDUS, Thrusfi, in the Linrnzan Syfiem of Ornitho- 

 logy, the name of a genus of birds, of the order of the 

 Pafferes. The diftinguifhing charafters of this genus are, 

 that the tongue is jagged, and has a rim or margin round it ; 

 the bill is of a conic -pointed figure, the upper mandible bent 

 at the apex, and emarginated ; the noftrils naked, but half 

 covered above with a fmall membrane, and the chaps ciliated. 

 Gmelin enumerates 125 



Species. 



ViscivoRus. With a brown back, neck with white fpots, 

 and a yellowilh bill. This is the miffel thrufti of Pennant 

 and Latham. Found in the woods of Europe. 



Pilaris. With black tail-feathers, the outermoft whitifti 

 at the apex and interior margin, the head and rump hoary. 

 The fieldfare of Ray, Willughby, Pennant, and Latham. 

 Of this there are four varieties. Found in the woods of 

 Europe, Siberia, and Syria. 



Africanus. Blackifh, the breaft covered with black 

 feathers, with red margin ; the bill yellow ; and the legs 

 cinereous. Found in Africa. 



Tripolitanos. Olive-yellow, whitifh beneath ; black 

 quills ; equal blackifh tail and yellow apex. The Tripoli 

 thruih of Latham. Found in Barbary. 



Barbaricus. Green ; breaft fpotted white, rump 

 and tail at the tip yellow. The green thrufh of Shaw's 

 Travels, and the Barbary thrufh of Latham, fo called from 

 its habitation. 



Aonalaschk.e. Brown fpotted black ; the breaft 

 yellow fpotted black ; the wing-coverts, the greater 

 quills and tail-feathers black, with a teftaceous margin. 

 The Unalafha thrufh of Pennant, and Aoonalafhka tlirufh 

 of Latham, fo called from the place of its abode. 



Iliacus. With wings ferruginous beneath, and whitiih 

 eye-brows. The red-wing, fwine-pipe, or wind-thrufh of 

 Ray, Willughby, Pennant, and Latham. An European 

 bird, migrating in large flocks. 



Minor. Light-red, beneath white ; breaft yellowifh, 

 varied with blact fpots. The little thrufh of Pennant, Ed- 

 wards, and Latham. Found in Jamaica and North America ; 

 feven inches long, migrating and feeding on berries. 



Jamaicensis. Above cinereous ; bill, head, and legs 



brown ; 



