T U 11 



French court was accommodated, and he was appointed 

 general of the royal army. In 1653 he married the daughter 

 of the marftial duke de la Force, a Proteftant, by whom he 

 had no iffue. After fevcral campaigns of alternate fuccefs 

 and defeat between him and d'Enghein, now prince of 

 Conde, in the fervice of Spain, Turenne in 1657, having 

 gained the battle of Dunes, captured Dunkirk from the 

 Spaniards, and the greatefl part of Flanders ; fo that Ma- 

 zarin was enabled to make the peace of the Pyrenees. 

 Upon a renewal of the war with Spain in 1667, Lewis XIV. 

 made choice of Turenne, now marfhal-general of the French 

 armies, as his tutor in war ; and the refult of the firft cam- 

 paign was the conqueil of the greateft part of Flanders, and 

 afterwards of Franche Compte. In the following year, 

 Turenne, from motives not fatisfaftorily afcertained, but 

 not redounding much to his honour, abjured Calvinifm, and 

 was reconciled to the church of Rome. In the year 1672, 

 it was determined by Lewis to conquer Holland, and the 

 command of the army was affigned to Turenne ; to whofe 

 arms refiftance was in the courfe of the campaign ineffeftual. 

 The eleftor of Brandenburgh, propofing to relieve the 

 Dutch, was purfued to the gates of Berhn, and obliged to 

 fue for peace. When at this time it was propofed to the 

 marfhal to gain 400,000 livres without the knowledge of 

 the court, he thanked the general officer who made the 

 propofal, and told him, that as he had often declined fuch 

 advantages, he did not intend to alter his conduft at liis 

 age. On another occafion, a confiderable city offered him 

 100,000 crowns for not pafling through its territory; and 

 his reply to the deputies was, " As your city is not in my 

 propofed line of march, I cannot in confcience take your 

 money." We (liould exceed our limits, if we detailed his 

 various fucccfsful movements during the following cam- 

 paign. The foldiers repofed confidence in their commander, 

 and to this confidence he owed the profperous iffue of 

 various expeditions. The glory of his conquefts, however, 

 was tarniftied by his cruel devaftation of the Palatinate, 

 which Voltaire has juftly reprobated ; obferving at the clofe 

 of his account, that " he rather chofe to be called the father 

 of the foldiers that were entrulled to him, than of the 

 people, who, according to the laws of war, are always made 

 the facrifice." The imperial court, determined to make 

 every poffible effort to check the progrefs of Turenne, 

 called forth Montecuccoli, its beft general, to oppofe him. 

 As thefe two mafters of war were preparing for an engage- 

 ment, Turenne, whilil he was reconnoitering a fit place to 

 fix a battery, on July 27, 1675, was (truck by a cannon 

 ball, which killed him on the fpot, in the 64th year of his 

 age ; and with him terminated the good fortune of the 

 French in that campaign. His remains were interred with 

 the highcft funeral honours at St. Denis. The greatnefs of 

 Turenne's foul was difguifed by a rude and vulgar appear- 

 ance. His temper was cool, and his manners modeft and 

 unafTuming. He was not always fuccefsful in war, and 

 committed faults, which he had the magnanimity to acknow- 

 ledge ; but, as Voltaire fays, (Age of Lewis XIV.) " by 

 always repairing them, and'doing much with fmall means, he 

 pafled for the ableft general in Europe, at a time when the art 

 of war was more ftudied than ever before. Though he was 

 reproached for his defeftion in the war of the Fronde ; though 

 at the age of near fixty, love caufed him to reveal a ftate- 

 fecret ; though he exercifed cruelties in the Palatmate, which 

 feemed unnecelTary ; he preferved the reputation of a man ot 

 worth, wife and moderate, becaufe his virtues and great ta- 

 lents, which were his own, covered weaknefles and^taults 

 which were common to him with fo many other men. 

 12 



T U 11 



Ramfay, in his " Life of Turenne," mentions the follow. 

 ing anecdote, as an inftance- of his ftrid performance of a 

 promife. Being attacked one night by robbers near Paris, 

 and ftnpped of his money, watch, and rings, he engaged 

 to give them 100 louis d'ors, if they would return him a 

 ring, of no great worth, but which he highly valued. The 

 highwaymen complied ; and one of them had the boldnefs 

 to go to his houfe the fucceeding day, and in the midft of 

 a large company to demand, in a whifper, the performance 

 of his promife. The vifcount gave orders for the money to 

 be paid, and fuffered the villain to efcape, before he related 

 the adventure. 



Turenne, in Geography, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the Correze ; before the revolution, the capital 

 of a vifcounty ; 9 miles S. of Brivc. 



TUREVSKOI, a town of Ruflia, in the province of 

 Uftiug, on the Vim ; 60 miles N.E. of Yarenfk. 



TURF, in Agriculture, a term often ufed to fignify the 

 green fward or furface of grafs-land. It is of great ufe 

 and importance to the farmer to have the turf of fuch land 

 clofe, firm, and well fet, as where this is not the cafe, it 

 foon dechnes, grows thin, and becomes of httle value either 

 for the purpofe of mowing or pafturing. It has been 

 noticed, in the " Georgical EfTays" of Dr. Hunter, in 

 fpeaking of the improvement of the turf of poor pafture 

 land, that, on fuch, it conftantly gets worfe a few years 

 after having been laid down for that purpofe : the caufe 

 of which is plainly this. There are a few fpiry graffes, 

 natural to moft pooi- lands, which are denominated natural 

 graffes ; while thofe from the feeds of clover, and others of 

 iimilar kinds, which are introduced, are in general termed 

 artificial. The roots of thefe latter are not very durable, 

 efpecially on poor land ; and as the cattle as well as other 

 forts of live-ftock are grefdy of fuch fown gralTes, they 

 conftantly crop them, and prevent their going into feed, 

 by which the land is deprived of frefti fupplies of young 

 plants ; whereas the former fort, or the natural graffes, be- 

 ing, in general, much inferior to the other in quality, are 

 refufed by fuch ftock, and the land, confequently, foon be- 

 comes plentifully flocked and provided with them. 



It is fuggefted too, that the general method of praftice 

 for improving land, when the turf gets thin and bad, is to 

 bring it under a courfe of tillage. But when that is not \ 

 proper or convenient, or wiien the occupier of fuch land 

 is not inchned to introduce this mode, it may be greatly 

 improved by having frefh feeds of the grafs fort fown upon 

 it ; the beft feafon for which is in the beginning of the 

 firft fpring month. The ground fliould firft be well \yrought 

 over with a heavy harrow of the bufh kind, wliich will 

 brufh up and raife the foil, and prepare it well for the 

 ftrikinp- of the feeds in it. Compoft earth (hould thenhe 

 ufed as" a dreffing, and the feeds fown thereon: after which 

 the ground may be lightly brufhed over again, and well 

 rolled. When the feafon proves inoift and kind, the feeds 

 will be found to thrive to admiration, and to wonderfully 

 improve both the turf and verdure. And wliere the turf 

 of land has been greatly cut up by carnages, or much 

 trod up by cattle, it is alfo capable of being nnproved m 

 this way, without the dreffmg of compoft earth. Even in 

 paddocks where the turf of the land has been cut up to an 

 extreme degree by rude and wanton horfes, a new and ver- 

 dant turf has been feen to arife, even to amazement, ma 

 few weeks after fowing the feeds. It is, however, necei- 

 fary that cattle fhould be prevented from coming upon the 

 land until the turf get well fet, and m a firm ftate 



The turf, in all forts of land, may be greatly benefited 



