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he could bear it, he was put into a bed very well warmed, 

 without his (hirt, where he foon fell aflcep, and fweated to 

 that degree, that it run through the piUow and bed on the 

 floor. After about two hours' fweat, they rubbed and 

 dried him, and put on his clothes, and the old gentleman 

 found himfelf much eafed and refrefhed. The operation 

 was performed in the morning, and before night he walked 

 about the houfe comfortably, his pain being almoft all gone. 

 The cordials were, after this, repeated , and, on the fourth 

 day, the fweating was performed again ; the day after which, 

 the old gentleman was well enough to go about his bufinefs. 

 He lived eleven years afterwards in perfeA health, and free 

 from pain. 



Great care is to be taken in this operation that the patient 

 do not lie too long in the turf : in many cafes, a quarter of 

 an hour is found to be long enough ; and the general rule 

 is, that as foon as the patient begins to fetch his breath 

 fhort or faint, he mull be put to bed immediately, and the 

 cordials mull by no means be omitted, for the life of the 

 patient is endangered without them. Phil. Tranf. N^ 384, 

 p. 129. 



TURFAN, in Geography. See Tourfax Hotiin. 



TURFING, in Gardening, the operation of laying 

 down turf. In preparing the ground for this purpofe, it 

 fhould, where loofe, be well trodden, or occafionally rolled 

 and rammed ; then be properly levelled on the furface with 

 the fpade, and afterwards raked fmooth ; when it will be 

 ready for laying. In laying the turfs, they (hould be un- 

 rolled regularly on the ground, each in its place, making 

 them join clofe edge to edge, fo as to form at once a clofe 

 even fward ; beating the whole down clofe and even after- 

 wards with a heavy wooden beater, to fettle the roots of 

 the grafs clofe to the earth, as well as to form the furface 

 equally clofe, firm, even, and fmooth ; the turf thus foon 

 ftrikes root below, and grows above, without any further 

 care in this part of the bufinefs, except occafionally beating 

 down any fwelling inequalities, and fometimes rolling it 

 with a heavy iron roller. Sometimes, when turf is laid in 

 the fummer, or in the early part of autumn, in dry hot 

 weather, it will flirink and open confiderably at the joinings, 

 and affume a decayed-like appearance. In this cafe, a few 

 good waterings would be ferviceable ; but fiiould this be 

 omitted, the firll heavy rain will moftly i-ecover the whole 

 effeftually, and fwell the fward, fo as to clofe all the chafms, 

 and revive the verdure of the grafs plants, when a heavy 

 rolling {hould be given, to fettle the whole firm and even, 

 and to give the furface a neat appearance. The principal 

 circumftance to be regarded in this fort of work, is to have 

 the furface of the ground well levelled before the turfs are 

 laid down, for where this is neglefted, it is utterly impof- 

 fible to do the bufinefs fo as to look well. 



In refpecl to the aftei--culture of ground formed with 

 turf, it is chiefly to give occafional mowings, from the fpring 

 through the fummer till Odober, and occafionally poling 

 and rolling the furface to keep it even and level. The 

 monrings in thefe cafes fhould conftantly be performed be- 

 fore the grafs gets to too high a growth, fo as to injure the 

 furface appearance by rendering it tender and of a bad 

 colour. 



TuRFiXG-/ron, an implement made ufe of for flaying or 

 cutting up grafs, turf, or fward from land for the purpofe of 

 turfing-: it is formed with an iron plate for the cutter, from 

 fix to feven or eight inches wide, a little rounding forward at 

 the edge, which is thin and Ihai-p for cutting, but thicken- 

 ing gradually behind to the upper part, where it is forged 

 to a long bent iron handle, the bending fo formed as to 

 admit of the plate or cutter refting flat with its back on the 



10 



ground, in tne proper pofition for readily cutting or flaying 

 the turf or fward evenly off', of a regular depth or thicknefs ; 

 the handle at top being either formed of iron, with an opening 

 like the top of a fpade, or a focket in v.-hich to fix a ftiort 

 wooden handle of that kind. In ufing it in cutting the 

 turf or fward, the workman takes hold with one hand in 

 the top handle, the other below, with the latter guiding the 

 tool in the proper pofition, whilfi: the upper hand is placed 

 againft his knee, &c. which affifts him in thrufting it for- 

 ward into the ground evenly under the fward ; and thus he 

 proceeds along in a regular manner, moving the tool gra- 

 dually along at each ftroke, level and even, at an equal 

 depth. Thus, as one range of turf or fward is pared off, 

 another is begun with until the whole work is done. 



It is neceflary that the edges of the cutting iron ftiould 

 be well fteeled, and ground perfectly fliarp, as the labour by 

 fuch means is rendered much lefs, and the work far better 

 performed. 



TvViTiifG-Spade, in ylgrlculture, the name of an implement 

 ufed to under-cut the turf, after it is marked out with the 

 plough, in the old praftice of paring and burning the turfy 

 furface of land. 



TURGA, in Geography, a town of Bengal ; 40 miles S. 

 of Doefa. N. lat. Z2° 22'. E. long. 85° 5'. 



TURGANA, in Ancient Geography, an ifiand on the 

 coaft of Arabia Felix, in which was a very magnificent 

 temple dedicated to Serapis, according to Ammianus Mar- 

 cellinus. 



TURGESCENCE, Turgescency, a fwelling or 

 growing bloated. 



TURGHE, in Geography, a river of Wales, which runs 

 into the Cothey, in Caermarthenfhire. 



TURCOT, Anne-Robeut Jacques, in Biography, an 

 enlightened and patriotic minifter of ftate, was born at Paris 

 in the year 1727, and ftudied theology at the Sorbonne, 

 where, in his 2 2d year, he delivered two Latin difcourfes, 

 " On the Advantages derived to Mankind from the Chrif- 

 tian Religion," and " On the Progrefs of the Human 

 Underftanding." At the age of 24 he tranflated Virgil's 

 Georgics, and thus a change took place with regard to the 

 direftion of his ftudies ; fo that he became attached to the 

 principles of Quefnay, and of the foci called Economiils. 

 Having quitted the Sorbonr.e, he was appointed intendant 

 of Limoges ; and in the courfe of twelve years, during 

 which he occupied this office, his conduct in diftributing 

 alms and providing a fupply of food in a time of fcarcity, 

 and in introducincj various improvements in the province, efta- 

 blifhed his character, and commanded for him great refpeCl. 

 With him, it is laid, firll originated the inftitution of cha- 

 ritable work-iliops. As comptroller-general of the finances, 

 he adopted various regulations, which, without injuring the 

 revenue, encouraged indullry, promoted agriculture and 

 commerce, and lightened the burdens of the lower claffes. 

 Although many of his beneficial plans of reform were treated 

 with contempt and ridicule, he fucceeded to a confiderable 

 degree in ameliorating the ftate of the country. His re- 

 folution, diligence, and activity, overcame many obft;acles . 

 and difficulties, infomuch that the benevolently diipofed I 

 Lewis once faid, on leaving the council-chamber, " No 

 one loves the people but M. Turgot and I :" neverthelefs, 

 the cabals againft him prevailed, and he was difmilfed from 

 the important office which he occupied with fo much advan- 

 tage to the people. As an incitement to his induflry, he 

 alleged, that in his family life was not protracted beyond 

 the age of 50 ; and, therefore, having but a tew years be- 

 fore him, he determined to leave nothing unfiniihed. Ac- 

 cordingly he died in 1 78 1, at the age of 49. Of the pieces 



which 



