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■which he publilhcJ, Condorcet hae given an account in a 

 « Memoir on his Life and Writings," 1782, 8vo. La 

 Harpe has given us the following llcetch of his charafter. 

 " He was a man of a ftrong mind, whom notliing could 

 divert from juftice, even at court, and in the higheft places ; 

 of an unalterable equanimity, even in the midft of the op- 

 pofitions and difgufts of his minillry ; of a laborious aftivity, 

 which difeafe could not flacken. He had only two paffions, 

 that of fcience, and that of the public good. Durino- the 

 few years in which he occupied the poft of minifter of 

 finance, he bent all his views to the relief of the people. 

 Attached to the dodrines of the Economifts, he developed 

 them in edifts which tended to the encouragement and im- 

 provement of agriculture. He was the tirft among us 

 who changed afts of the fovereign authority into works of 

 reafoning and perfuafion ; and it is perhaps a queftion 

 wjiether this method may be ufeful or dangerous. His fup- 

 preflions and reforms in the finance raifed him many enemies ; 

 but among all who complained againft him and reproached 

 him, not one attacked his integrity. No one difputed the 

 purity of his motives, but fault was found with his meafures. 

 Perhaps there was fomething unyielding in his charafter, 

 which impeded the good which he wifhed to etfeft. Fur- 

 ther, the courtiers could not pardon a minifter who en- 

 circled himfelf with men of letters and philofophers." His 

 innovations in favour of the people created a prejudice 

 againft him, on the ground of his being one of the pro- 

 moters of the French revolution. Nouv. Did. Hift. Gen. 

 Biog. 



TURGUT, in Geography. See Durgut. 



TURHUSSY, a town of Bengal ; 17 miles N.N.E. of 

 Palamow. 



TURIA, in Botany, an Arabic name, retained by 

 Forflcall, Fl. jEgypt.-Arab. 165, and cited by Juffieu, 

 Gen. 395, under Anguria. The above name, if wanted, 

 might not be inadmiffible ; at leaft, if any fuch, of bar- 

 barous origin, are allowed to remain. But whether the 

 five, partly doubtful, fpecies on which Forflcall has founded 

 his genus be really entitled to ftand alone, or whether they 

 may be reierrible, as Judieu hints, to Angur'ta, or to any 

 other genus of the Cucumber tribe, no one, converfant with 

 Forilcall's works, will, furely, venture to determine. He 

 attributes a pentapetalous corolla to thefe plants, which is 

 unexampled in their natural order, and which, by other 

 parts of his account, appears to be an error. The villous 

 cylindrical fruit, tapering at each end, and marked with 

 ten furrows, will fcarcely afford a generic charafter. — 

 Forikall's firft fpecies, Tiiria of the Arabs, to which he has 

 given no fpecific name, is cultivated in Yemen, but we are 

 not told for what purpofe. Some of the others are called, 

 in that country, Leloja or Lua, Gijef, and Moghadd. 



TURIAMO, Bay of, in Geography, a bay of Caraccas, 

 three leagues to the windward of Porto Cabello, which ex- 

 tends one league from north to fouth. Having no fhelter 

 from the north wmd, and the country round it affording no 

 commodities fufficient for inducing merchants to encounter 

 its inconveniences, fcarcely any (hips refort to it. The cafe 

 is the fame with regard to Patanemo, Borburata, and Sia- 

 nega. The whole population of thefe bays confifts of no 

 more than a fmall party of foldiers, ftationed there to pre- 

 vent fmugghng. 



TURIANO, a river of Sicily, which runs into the fea, 

 10 miles N.E. of Miftretta. 



TURIAS, the Guadalavlr, in Mc'ient Geography, a 

 river of Hither Spain, on the banks of which was built the 

 town of Valentia. — Alfo, a river or torrent of Italy, men- 

 tioned by Silius Italicus (1. xiii. v. ;.), and thought to be 



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the fame with that mentioned by Livy, and placed fix miles 

 from Rome. But the orthography is much controverted. 



TURIASO, Taracona, or Tarazotia, a town of the 

 interior of Hither Spain, towards the fouth-weft. Pliny 

 fpeaks with high commendation of its iron. It was muni- 

 cipal. It was fituated eaft of Numantium, and fouth-weft 

 of Calaguris. 



TURICUM. See Zurich. 



TURIGA, a town of Spain, in Boetica. 



TuRiGA, in Geography, a river of Ruffia, which runs 

 into the Niznei Tungull<a, N. lat. 66° 12'. E. lontr. 

 98° 44'. ^ 



TURIN, a city of France, capital of the department of 

 the Po, during the revolution, before and fince capital of Pied- 

 mont, fituated at the conflux of the Po and the Grand 

 Doria, about feven miles from the foot of the Cottian Alps, 

 in the road from France to Italy, by the way of Mount 

 Cenis. According to Phny, the inhabitants derive their 

 origin from the Ligurians, and were anciently called " Tau- 

 rini." Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, when he in- 

 vaded Italy, took and deftroyed the town, becaufe the 

 inhabitants would not take part with liim ; which frightened 

 the other people who inhabited the banks of the Po. It 

 was erefted into a Roman colony by Juhus Cafar, who 

 gave to it the name of " Julia," and it was called " Augufta 

 Taurinorum" by his fuccefTor Auguftus. It was fuccef- 

 fively fubjefted to the Goths, Huns, Eruh, and Bur- 

 gundians, who ruined and deftroyed it ; but it was foou 

 rebuilt, though not fo large as before. When the Lom- 

 bards became mafters of the country, it became the capital 

 of one of their principal duchies. Some of the dukes be- 

 came kings of Italy. After Charlemagne had abohflied the 

 kingdom of the Lombards, Turin became fubjeft to the 

 marquis of Sufa, who had the charge of guarding the paf- 

 fages of the Alps, and continued in that family to the death 

 of Ulric Manfred, the laft marquis of Sufa, in 1 302 ; whole 

 daughter, Adelaide, married Odo, comte of Maurienne and 

 Savoy. Turin fubmitted to him and to his defcendants, who 

 fince poffeffed it with httle interruption till its union with 

 France ; before which Turin was the fee of an archbilhop, 

 and was faid to contain no churches or chapels, feveral 

 hofpitals, and about 80,000 inhabitants. The approach to 

 it is magnificent, and the environs beautiful, though tliick 

 fogs from the two rivers are frequent in autumn and winter ; 

 fo that the air of Turin is then very thick and moift. The 

 four gates are highly ornamental ; the ftreets in the New 

 Town are wide, 'llraight, clean, having plenty of water 

 running through them, well built, in a good taftc, chiefly 

 of brick ftuccoed, and generally terminating in fome agree- 

 able objeft. No inhabitant could rebuild or repair his houfe 

 but on an uniform plan, laid down by government, foi* the 

 improvement of the city. The fortifications of Turin were 

 regular, and kept in excellent repair. The citadel is a re- 

 gular pentagon, confifting of five ftrong baftions, and is 

 reputed one of the ftrongeft in Europe. At the end next 

 the new gate is the arfenal, whicli, befides the armories 

 found in fuch places, contains a cabinet of minerals, a good 

 chemical laboratory, a library of books in mineralogy and 

 metallurgy, and furnaces for carting cannon : here, alfo, are 

 mathematical, mechanical, and other mafters, for the 111- 

 ftruaion of engineers, miners, &c. The garrifon of 1 urm 

 was changed at the end of two years, and then there was a 

 general review. The univerfity was founded firft in 1405, 

 by Amadeo, duke of Savoy, and confifts of fchools, wherein 

 2+ profeffors read lectures, from the 3d of November to the 

 Jth of June ; the royal hbrary, in which are about 50,000 

 volumes of printed books, befides manufcripts, is open every 



