T U R 



T U R 



day, except holidays, both morning and aftgrnoon. The 

 royal mufeum has a good cabinet of medals, and a coUeaion 

 of antiquities, found chiefly in Piedmont or Sardinia, and 

 elegantly arranged : alfo of natural hiitory, as {hells, and 

 Englifh minerals, polifhed marbles, and hard ftones, petri- 

 faftions, corals, zoophytes, and fome minerals, collefted by 

 Donati in the Adriatic ; alfo, fome chefts of natural cu- 

 riofities, which Donati during his travels in Egypt and 

 Arabia, fent from Goa. In the mUitary academy, young 

 gentlemen, both natives and ftrangers, might be inftrufted 

 . in the exercifes at a moderate expence, the king defraying 

 a part of the charge attending this inftitution. The palace 

 is in a fimple and noble ftyle of architefture. The apart- 

 ments are handfomely fitted up and furnilhed ; the ceilings 

 painted by Daniele di Sanfterre and others. They con- 

 tained a great colleftion of piftures, among which were 

 many good ones. The king's theatre, or great opera-houfe, 

 is reckoned one of the fineft in Europe. The buildings 

 which are moft efteeraed in point of architecture, are the 

 palace of the duke of Savoy, called Caftello Reale, by Fi- 

 lippo Giuvara ; the Carignano palace, by Guarini ; the 

 buildings of the univerfity, and the town-houfe. There is 

 a literary fociety at Turin, which has publifhed memoirs, 

 under the title of " Mifcellanea Philofophico-Mathematica." 

 The chief trade of this city and country is in thrown filk, 

 which is fent to England and Lyons ; they manufafture, 

 however, fome of it into excellent dockings, and good filk 

 for furniture. In the year 1536, Turin was taken by the 

 French, and again in the year 1 640, after a long fiege. In 

 the year 1706, the fame enemy made another attempt ; but 

 after befieging it upwards of three months, under the con- 

 duft of the duke of Orleans, they were driven away with 

 great lofs, by the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene. In 

 December 1797, the French took this city, and levied on 

 the king of Sardinia a contribution of 2,000,000 hvres. 

 In May 1799, it was taken by the Auftrians and Ruffians, 

 and the citadel furrendered foon after. It was afterwards 

 furrendered, with the whole of the principality of Piedmont, 

 to the French republic, but reftored after the revolution and 

 re-eftabli(hment of the French government. N. lat. 45^ 3'. 

 E. long. 7° 40'. 



At Turin, accounts are kept in lire, foldi, and denari, 

 Piemontefe currency: 12 denari = i foldo, and 20 foldi 

 r= I hra : accounts are alfo kept in francs and centimes, as 

 in France. The gold coins now in circulation are carlini, 

 of 5 doppie or piftoles, with half carlini in proportion, 

 and doppie, with halves and quarters in proportion : tlie 

 carlini palTes for 120 lire, and the doppia for 24 lire, 

 Piemontefe currency. The filver coins are fcudi of 6 lire, 

 with halves, quarters, and eighths in proportion. Here are 

 alfo bafe filver coins of 3^ and 2| foldi ; and copper coins 

 of I foldo ; alfo pieces of 3 denari, called quattrini. The 

 doppia contains 1724- troy grains of fine gold, or 139^ grains 

 of Englifh ftandard gold, and is worth 1/. 2s. 6^d. in 

 Englifh gold coin : the fcudo contains 492 troy grains of 

 fine filver, or 532 of Englifh ftandard, and is worth 

 5^. S-^i/. in fterling filver coin : thus the lira Piemontefe cur- 

 rency may be valued at 1 i-irf. fterling. The rubbo, com- 

 mercial weight, is 25 lbs., each pound containing i-J- mark, 

 or 1 2 oz. of the gold and filver weight : fo that 70 lbs. of 

 Turin = 57 lbs. avoirdupois. The facco, corn meafure, 

 contains 3 ftaga, 6 mine, or 48 coppelh ; and 22 facchi ■=. 

 9 Enghfh quarters nearly ; the brenta, wine meafure, con- 

 tains 6 rubbi, or 36 piiite ; the rubbo weighs 25 lbs. of 

 Turin, and holds about 24- Englifh gallons. Oil is fold by 

 the rubbo of the fame weight, or 20^- lbs. avoirdupois : the 

 rafo or ell is = 2| Genoefe palmi = 23^ Engliin inches ; 



7 



the foot = 143.2 French lines = 3^ Englifh inches; fo 

 that 180 Piemontefe rafi =119 Englifh yards, and 33 

 Piemontefe feet = 35 Englifh feet. 



Turin exchanges with, and gives Amfterdam, 38 foldi, 

 more or lefs, for i florin banco ; Augfburg, 46 foldi for 

 1 florin current ; Geneva, 86 foldi for I ecu of 3 livres cur- 

 rent ; Genoa, 199 foldi for i fequin ; Leghorn, 82 foldi 

 for I pezza of 8 reali ; London, 409 foldi for i/. fterling ; 

 Lyons and Paris, 50 foldi for 3 livres Tournois ; Milan, 

 98 foldi for I filippo of 7^ lire current ; Rome, 90 foldi 

 for I fcudo of 10 paoli ; Venice, 54 foldi for i ducat 

 piccoli. 



The ufance for bills drawn from London is three months 

 after date, from Holland two months, and from France one 

 month. The holder of a bill payable after date, may 

 either demand payment when it becomes due, or wait 

 till the fifth day ; but bills at fight muft be paid when 

 prefented. Kelly. 



TuRix, a large poft-townfhip of New York, in the S.W. 

 corner of Lewis county, 143 miles N.W. of Albany. It 

 comprifes feven townfhips, w'l. Pomona and Lucretia, adjoin- 

 ing Black river, and on which are the fettlements; Flora, 

 Xenophon, Rurebella, Hybla, and Penelope, unfettled. 

 The fettled part is about nine miles along Black river and 

 feven back. The inhabitants are emigrants from the eaflern 

 ftates, farmers of plain domeftic habits. Here are nine 

 fchool-houfes, in which are alfo held the meetings for wor- 

 fhip. The whole population in 1810 was 856, and the 

 fenatorial eleftors were iii; in 1812, 170. The Black 

 river road from Johnftown leads through this fettlement, 

 which has an excellent foil, and in which are two grain- 

 mills, fix faw-mills, a carding machine, and two diftilleries 

 of grain and fruit fpirits. 



TURING, a town of Sweden, in the province of 

 Blekingen ; 7 miles N. of Carlfcrona. 



TURINGE, a town of Sweden, in Sudermanland ; 24 

 miles W.S.W. of Stockholm. 



TURINI, Francesco, in Biography, an eminent Ita- 

 lian compofer of the feventeenth centur)',^who gained great 

 reputation by the compofition of canons. He was organ- 

 ift of the Duomo at Brefcia, and publifhed many learned 

 compofitions for the church and chamber ; but particularly 

 a mafs in 1643, ^°'' ^°^^ voices, in canon. 



In this work there is a perpetual fugue, upon the fub- 

 jeA of which Handel has compofed one of his finefl inftru- 

 mental fugues ; but, according to his ufual praftice, when- 

 ever he adopted another's thought, he has enlivened and 

 embeUifhed Turini's theme, like a man of true genius, with 

 a counter fubjeft ; and fhcwn that he faw farther into the 

 latent fertility of the fame feries of notes, than the original 

 inventor, whofe theme was the following. 



i 



i^ 



The firft fonatas for two viohns and a bafe, which our 

 mufical enquiries have been able to difcover, were publifhed 

 by Turini, with a fet of " Madrigali a una, due, tre Voci, 

 con alcune Senate a due et a tre," Venezia, 1624. We 

 were inftigated by this early date to fcore one of thefe 

 fonatas, which confitted of only a fingle movement, in 

 fugue and imitation throughout ; in which fo little ufc was 

 made of the power of the bow in varying the exprtffion of 

 the fame notes, that each part might have been as well 

 played on one inftrument as another. 



The violin does not appear to have been Turini's inftru- 

 ment. A canonift need have nothing elfe to think of, than 



the 



