T U R 



dilTolved. Then add two double liandfuls of bran ; and 

 taking four (kins (for which the above quantity of the mix- 

 ture will be fufficient), work them well in it one after an- 

 other. Afterwards fold up each (kin feparately into a round 

 form, with the fle(h-fide inwards ; and lay them' in an earthen 

 pan, or other proper velTel ; if in the fummer, by the fide of 

 each other ; but in the winter, on the top of each other. 

 Place the velTel in a (loping pofition, fo that fuch part of the 

 fluid as may fpontaneoufly drain from the (kins, may pafs 

 from them. An acid fermentation will then rife in the liquor, 

 and the (kins will fwell coufiderably. In this (late they muft 

 continue for feven or eight days ; but the moifture that drains 

 from them muft be poured off once or twice a day, as occa- 

 lion may require. After this a further preparation in fait 

 is neceffary ; and which muft be performed in the following 

 manner. 



4. Preparation in Salt of the Skins to be dyed Red. — After the 

 (kins have been fermented in the honey and bran, as above- 

 mentioned, let them be taken out of that mixture on the eighth 

 or ninth day, and well rubbed with dry common fea-falt,in the 

 proportion of about half a pound to each fkinj the fait mull be 

 well rubbed and worked with them. This will make them 

 contraft again, and part with a further confiderable quan- 

 tity of moifture : which muft be fqueezed out by drawing 

 each (Icin feparately through the hands. They muft next 

 be fcraped clean on both fides from the bran, fuperfluous 

 fait, and moifture that may adhere to them. After which 

 dry fait muft be ftrewed over the grain-fide, and well rubbed 

 in with the hand. They are then to be doubled, with the 

 fle(h-fide outwards, lengthwife from neck to tail, and a little 

 more di-y fait muft be thinly ftrewed over the flefti-fide, and 

 rubbed in ; for the two laft operations, about a pound and a 

 half of fait will be fufficient for each (Icin. They muft then 

 be put, thus folded on each other, between two clean boards, 

 placed (loping, breadthwife ; and a heavy weight laid on the 

 upper board, in order gradually to prefs out what moifture 

 they will thus part with. In this ftate of preffure, they muft 

 be continued two days or longer, till it is convenient to dye 

 them, for which they will then be duly prepared. 



5. Preparation of the Bed Dye, in a proper Proportion for 

 four Skins. — Put eight gallons of water into a copper, with 

 feven ounces of (hcnan tied up in a linen bag. [Shenan is a 

 drug much ufed by dyers in the Eaft ; and may eafily be 

 procured at any of the ports of Syria and Africa, in the 

 Levant. It is the Eaftern jointed kali, called by botanifts 



falicornia; and grows in great plenty in thofe and other 

 parts of the Eaft.] Light a (ire under a copper ; and when 

 the water has boiled about a quarter of an hour, take out 

 the bag of ftienan, and put into the boiling fluid or lixivium, 

 ift, two drachms of alum ; 2dly, two drachms pomegranate 

 bark ; 3dly, three quarters of an ounce of turmeric ; 4thly, 

 three ounces of cochineal ; Jthly, two ounces of loaf-fugar. 

 Let the whole mixture boil about fix minutes, then cover the 

 fire, and take out a quart of hquor, putting it into a flat 

 earthen pan ; and when it is as cold as new milk, take one 

 (Icin, folded lengthwife, the grain-fide outwards, and dip it 

 in the hquor, rubbing it gently with the hands. Then 

 taking out the (]{in, hang it up to drain, and throw away 

 the fuperfluous dye. Proceed in the fame manner with the 

 remaining three flcins ; repeating the operation of each fltm 

 feparately, eight times, fqueezing the (kins by drawing them 

 through the hands before each frefti dipping. Lay them 

 now on one fide of a large pan, fet floping, to dram off as 

 much of the moifture as will run from them without prefl^ure, 

 for about two hours, or till they are cold ; then tan them as 

 below direfted. 



6. Tanning the Red Skins — Powder four ounces of the 



4 



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beft white galls in a marble mortar, fifting it through a fine 

 fieve. Mix the powder with about three quarts of water, 

 and work the (kins well in this mixture for half an hour or 

 more, folding up the flc ins fourfold. Let them lie in this tan 

 for 24 hours ; when they muft be worked again as before ; 

 then taken out, fcraped clean on both fides from the firft 

 galls, and put into a like quantity of fre(h galls and water. 

 In this fre(h mixture they muft be again well worked for 

 t hree quarters of an hour ; then folded up as before, and 

 left in the frefti tan for three days. On the fourth day 

 they muft be taken out, waflied clean from the galls in 

 feven or eight frefti quantities of water, and then hung up 

 to dry. 



7. Manner of drejftng the Skins after they are tanned. — When 

 the (kins have been treated as above, and are very near dry, 

 they fliould be fcraped with the proper inftrument or fcraper 

 on the fle(h-fide, to reduce them to a proper degree of thick- 

 nefs. They are then to be laid on a fmooth board, and 

 glazed by rubbing them with a fmooth glafs. After which 

 they muft be oiled, by rubbing them with ohve-oil, by means 

 of a linen rag, in the proportion of one ounce and a half uf 

 oil for four fl<ins : they are then to be grained on a graining- 

 board, lengthwife, breadthwife, and cornerwife, or frora 

 corner to corner. 



8. Preparations with Galls, for the Skins to be dyed Tellonv. 

 — After the four (kins are taken out of the drench or bran, 

 and clean walhed as before direfted in the fecond article, they 

 muft be very well worked, half an hour or more, in a mixture 

 of a pound and a half of the beft white galls, finely powdered, 

 with two quarts of clean water. The (Icins are then to be 

 feparately doubled lengthwife, rolled up with the fle(h-fide 

 outwards, laid in the mixture, and clofe preffed down on 

 each other, in which ftate they muft continue two whole 

 days. On the third day let them be again worked in the 

 tan ; and afterwards fcraped clean from the galls, with an 

 ivory or brafs inftrument (for no iron muft touch them). 

 They muft then be put into a frefti tan, made of two pounfls 

 of galls finely powdered, with about three quarts of water, 

 and well worked therein fifteen times. After this they muft 

 be doubled, rolled up as before, and laid in the fecond tan 

 for three days. On the third day, a quarter of a pound of 

 white fea-falt muft be worked into each (kin ; and the (kins 

 doubled up as before, and returned into the tan, till the day 

 following, when they are to be taken out, and well waftied 

 fix times in cold water, and four times in water lukewarm. 

 The water muft be then well fqueezed out, by laying the 

 (kins under pren"ure, for about an hour, between two 

 boards, with a weight of about 200 or 300 pounds laid 

 upon the uppermoft board, when they will be ready for 

 the dye. 



9. Preparation of the Telloiv Dye, in the proper Prcportisn 



for four Skies Mix fix ounces of caffiari gehira, or dgehira, 



or the berries of the Eaftern rhamnus, with the fame quantity 

 of alum ; and pound them together till they be fine, in a 

 marble or brafs mortar, with a brafs peftle. [1 he calliari 

 gehira is the berries of an Eaftern rhamnus, or buckthorn- 

 free ; and may be had at Aleppo, and other parts of the 

 Levant, at a fmall price. The common Avignon or yellow 

 berries may be fubftituted, but not with fo good an etlcit ; 

 the cafliari gehira being a ftrongcr and brighter yeUow dye, 

 both for this ufe and alfo that of colouring paper-hangings, 

 &C.1 Then dividing the materials, thus powdered, into 

 three equal parts of four ounces each, put one of tho(e three 

 parts into about a pint and half of water in achina or earthen 

 vefl-cl, and ftir the mixture together. Let the fluid ftand to. 

 cool, till it wiD not fcald the hand. Then fpread.ng one ot 

 the (kins flat on a table, in a warm room, with the grain- 



