T U 11 



weak bath of fafFroii, the fkins when dry aie grained and 

 polifhed in the following way. They are ftretched very 

 tight \ipon a fmooth inclined hoard, and rubbed over with 

 a httle oil to fupple them. Thofe intended for black lea- 

 ther are previoufly rubbed over with an iron liquor, by 

 means of a ftiff brufli, which imiting with the gallic acid 

 of the fumach, inftantly ttrikes a deep and uniform black. 

 They are then rubbed by hand with a ball of glafs cut 

 into a polygonal furface, with much manual labour, which 

 polifhes them and makes them very firm and compaft. 

 Lallly, the graining or ribbed furface by which this kind of 

 leather is diftinguifhed, is given by rubbing the leather 

 very ilrongly with a ball of box-wood, round the centre 

 of which a number of fmall equi-diftant parallel grooves 

 are cut, forming an equal number of nan-ow ridges, the 

 friftion of which gives the leather the defired inequality of 

 furface. 



The procefs for the real morbcco leather, as prepared 

 from goat-flcins at Fez and Tetuan, is thus dcfcribed by M. 

 Brouflbnet. The lliins are iirft cleanfed, the hair taken off, 

 limed and reduced with bran, nearly in the way already de- 

 fcribed for the Enghfli morocco leather. After coming 

 from the bran they are thrown into a fecond bath made of 

 •white figs, mixed with water, which is thereby rendered 

 flimy and fermentable. In this bath the flvins remain four 

 or five days, when they are thoroughly faked with fal-gem 

 (or rock- fait) alone (and not with fait and alum), after 

 which they are fit to receive the dye, which for the red is 

 cochineal and alum, and for the yellow, pomegranate bark 

 and alum. The ficins are then tanned, drefled, fuppled with 

 a little oil, and dried. 



Much excellent leather of every kind is prepared in dif- 

 ferent parts of the Ruffian empire. The preparation of the 

 fine Rufiia leather, fo well known for its quality and for its 

 pecuhar fmell, is defcribed at large in Mr. Tooke's " View 

 of the Ruffian Empire," to which we muft refer the reader 

 for the minuter particulars. In general it may be flated 

 that the hides are firft put into a weak alkaline ley to loofen 

 the hair, and then fcraped on a beam, then (if calves) are 

 reduced by dogs' dung, and a four oatmeal drench, then 

 tanned with great care and frequent handling. The bark 

 ufed here is feldom oak, but, where it can be got, the bark 

 of the black willow, or if this cannot be had, birch-bark. 

 They are then dyed either red or black, thefe being the 

 two colours the moft efteemed. For the red, the hide is firft 

 foaked in alum, and then dyed with Brazil wood. The black 

 is given as ufual with an iron liquor. The leather is then 

 fmeared with birch-tar, which gives the pecuhar fmell fo 

 much prized (and which, when ufed for book-bindmg, has 

 the valuable property of protefting the book from worms), 

 I and is finifhed by various other manipulations. The ftreaked 

 j or barred furface is given to the leather by a very heavy 

 j fteel cylinder wound round with wires. See YuFTS. 



A valuable faffian or dyed maroquin leather, almoft equal 

 i to that of Turkey, is prepared largely at Aftrachan and 

 other parts of Afiatic Ruffia. Only bucks' and goats' Ikms 

 are ufed for this purpofe. The favourite colours are red 

 and yellow. The general method of prepai-ing the pelt :s 

 the fame as in this country for the dyed morocco leather, 

 that is by lime, dogs' dung, and bran. Honey is alfo uied 

 after the branning. The honey is diffolved in warm water, 

 and fome of this liquor is poured on each flan fpread out 

 on wooden trays till it has imbibed the whole of the honey, 

 after which it is let to ferment for about three days, and 

 then faked in a ftrong brine and hung up to dry. The ikm 

 is then ready to receive the dye, which for red is made with 

 cochineal and the falfcla ericoides, an alkaline plant grow- 



T U E. 



ing plentifully on the Tartarian fait defarts, and the colour 

 is hnifhed with alum. When dyed, the flrins ai-e tanned 

 with fumach. To the very fineft reds, a quantity of forrel 

 IS ufed with the cochineal bath, and the fubfeqnent tanning 

 IS given with galls inftead of fumach, which renders the 

 colour as durable as the leather itfelf. The roughnefs al- 

 ways obferved on the furface of the fliin, is given by a heavy 

 kind of iron rake with blunt points. The yellow faffians 

 are dyed with the berries of a fpecies of rhamnus (the 

 Avignon berry would anfwer the fame purpofe, and is ufed 

 in other countries), or with the flowers of the wild camo- 

 mile. For other kinds of leather, fee Shagreen and 

 Shamoy. 



TuRKEY-Por/, in Agricuhiire, a troublefome weed in dry 

 fandy paflures, but which is only an annual. 

 TuRKEY-5/OTi?. See 0\L-Stone. 

 TvKK-EY -Hlieat. See Maize and Zea. 

 TURKI, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in Ba- 

 har; 31 miles W.N.W. of Durbungah. N. lal. 26^ 1 8'. 

 E. long. 85° 33'. — Alfo, a town of Grand Bucharia ; 30 

 miles N. of Termid. 



TURKIN, a town of Rufiia, in the government of 

 Caucaius, on the Cafpian fea ; 140 miles S. of Aftrachan. 

 N. lat. 44°I5'. E. long. 47° 14'. 



TURKISH Coins, Meafures, and Tear, fee the fub- 

 ilantives, and Turkey. 



TURKOMANS, Turcomans, or Turk man s,\\\ Geogrj. 

 phy, a denomination diftinguifhing fome of thofe Tartar 

 hordes, who, on the great revolutions of the empire of tlie 

 caliph, emigrated from the eaftward of the Cafpian fea, and 

 fpread themfelves over the vaft plains of Armenia and AJia 

 Minor. After having been introduced into the Arabian 

 empire, they proceeded to give law to thofe who called 

 them in, either as mercenaries or allies. This was fignally 

 experienced by the cahphs themfelves. In 834, Motazzam, 

 brother and fucceffor of Almamoun, having taken a body 

 of Turkmans for liis guards, was compelled to quit Bag- 

 dad on account of their diforders, and, after his time, their 

 power and infolence increafed to fuch a degree, that they 

 became the difpofers of the throne and life of their princes, 

 and murdered three of them in lefs than thirty years. The 

 caliphs, when freed from this bondage, did not profit by 

 their experience ; for about the year 935, Radi B'cllah, hav- 

 ing again refigned his autliority to a Turkman, his luc- 

 ceffors were entangled in their former chains, and guarded 

 by the Emirs-el-Omara, pofTefTed only the fhadow of 

 power. Amidft the diforders of this anarchy, a multitude 

 of Turkman hordes penetrated into the empire, and 

 founded different independent ftates, in the Kcrman and the 

 Khorafan ; at Iconium, Aleppo, Damafcus, and in Egypt. 

 Until this time the Turks, called " Ogouzians," had re- 

 mained to the E. of the Cafpian and toward the Djihoun ; 

 but, about the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan, 

 havino- united all the tribes of Upper Tartary againft tlie 

 princ« of Balk and Samarcand, the Ogouzians did not 

 think proper to wah for the Moguls, but marched under 

 their chief Sohman, and driving their herds before them, 

 encamped (in 1214^ in the Aderbeidjan, to the number ot 

 50,000 horfemen. the Moguls followed them, and puflicd 

 them ftill farther to the weft, into Armenia. Soliman, being 

 drowned in 1220 in endeavouring to pafs the Euphrates on 

 horfeback, Ertogrul, his fon, took the command of the 

 hordes, and advanced into the plains of Afia Minor, wlicre 

 he was relieved by the abundant pafturagc which they 

 afforded for his cattle. The good condud of tins cliiet 

 procured for him, in thefe countries, a power and relpect 

 which made his alliance fought after by other pr^ce^. 



