T U R 



T U R 



TURNAMENT, or Tournament, a martial fport or 

 fxcrcife, wliicli the ancient cavaliers ufed to perform, to 

 (hew their bravery and addrcfs. 



The tirft tiirnaments were only courfes on horfeback, in 

 which the cavaliers tilted at each other with canes in manner 

 of lances ; and were diftingui(hed from jujls, which were 

 courfes or careers, accompanied with attacks and combats, 

 with blunted laiices and fwords. 



Others fay it was a turnament when there was only one 

 quadril or troop ; and that where there were feveral to en- 

 counter each other, it was 3.juj} ; which fee. But it is cer- 

 tain that the two became confounded together in procefs of 

 time ; at leaft we find them fo in authors. 



The prince who publiihed the turnament ufed to fend a 

 king at arms with a fafe-conduft, and a fword, to all the 

 princes, knights, &c. fignifying. that he intended a turna- 

 ment and a clafliing of fwords, in the prefence of ladies and 

 damfels : which wa'^ the ufual formula of invitation. 



The firit engaged man againft man, then troop againft 

 troop ; and after the combat, the judges allotted the prize to 

 the beft cavalier, and the bed ftriker of fwords ; who was, 

 accordingly, condufted in pomp to the lady of the turna- 

 ment ; where, after thanking her very reverently, he faluted 

 "her, and likewife her two attendants. 



The turnament made the principal diverfion of the thir- 

 teenth and fourteenth centuries. Munfter fays, it was Henry 

 the Fowler, duke of Saxony, and afterwards emperor, who 

 died in 936, that firft introduced them ; but it appears from 

 the Chronicle of Tours, that the true inventor of this famous 

 fport, at leaft in France, was one Geoffry, lord of Preuilli, 

 about the year 1066. 



It is difficult to fix the epocha of their inftitution, as many 

 nations have laid claim to it. Nithard relates, that at the 

 interview of Charles the Bald, king of France, who fuc- 

 ceeded to the throne in the year 840, and his brother Lewis 

 of Germany, at Straftjurg, the gentlemen of the retinue of 

 both princes fought on horfeback, to difplay their courage 

 and (kill. 



Du-Cange fays, that thefe fports were fo peculiar to the 

 French, that they were called conRiBus Galiici, or French 

 combats. To this purpofe Matthew Paris, under the year 

 II 79, fays, " Henricus rex Anglorum junior marc tranfiens 

 in confiiftibus Gallicis, et profufioribus expenfis, triennium 

 peregit, regiaque majeftate depofita, totus eft de rege 

 tranflatus in militem." 



The Hiftoria Byzantina tells us, that the Greeks and 

 Latins borrowed the ufe of it from the Franks ; and we find 

 mention made of them in Cantacuzenus, Gregorias, BefTa- 

 rion, and others of the late Greek authors. 



Inftances of them occur among the Englifh in the reign of 

 king Stephen, about the year 1140; but they were not 

 much in ufe till Richard's time, towards the year H49. 

 After which period thefe diverfions were performed with ex- 

 traordinary magnificence in the Tilt-yard, near St. James's, 

 Smithfield, and other places. At laft, however, they were 

 found to be produftive of bad effeAs, and the occafion of 

 feveral fatal misfortunes ; as in the inftanceof Henry IL of 

 France, and of the tilt exhibited at Chalons, which, from the 

 numbers killed on both fides, was called the little war of 

 Chalons. Thefe and other inconveniences, refulting from 

 thefe dangerous paftimes, gave the popes occafion to forbid 

 them, and the princes of Europe gradually concurred in dif- 

 couraging and fuppreffing them. 



Budsus derives the word turnament from Trojan^i agmina ; 

 others from Trajamfnium, quafiludus Trojit. Menage deduces 

 it from the Latin iornenfis, or the French tourncr, becaufe 

 the combatants rode in rings and circles, and were obliged 



to make many turnings with their horfes, as the laws of the 

 game required. 



M. Paris calls them in Latin hajliludia; Neubrigenfis, mf- 

 ditatioms militares ; Others, gladiaturt ; others, decurfiones ludi- 

 cr,f, &c. 



It is natural, however, to conclude ex -vi tinnini, that al- 

 though the fport itfelf may owe its rife to the Trojan gam ■, 

 yet that its name is of French cxtraftion, and not only given 

 with great propriety, but fcems to be a tacit agreement of its 

 fuperior antiquity among that people, whofe hiftorians afTert 

 that it was firft known in France. Berenger's Art of 

 Horfeman(hip, vol. i. p. 104, &c. 



Pope Eugenius II. excommunicated thofe who went to 

 tiirnaments, and forbad them burial in holy ground. King 

 Henry II. of. France died of a wound received at a turna- 

 ment. One Chiaoux, who had affifted at a turnament under 

 Charles VIII. faid very wifely, " If it b.; in eameft, it is too 

 little ; if in jeft, too much." 



It is to the exercife of turnaments that we owe the firft 

 ufe of armories, of which the name blazonry, the form of 

 the efcutcheons, the colours, principal figures, the manthngs, 

 labels, fupporters, &c. are undeniable evidences. 



In Germany it was anciently a cuftom to hold a folemn 

 turnament every three years, to ferve as a proof of nobihty. 

 For the gentleman who had affifted at two was fuffiriently 

 blazoned and publiihed ; i. e. he was acknowledged noble, 

 and bore two trumpets, by way of creft, on his turnament 

 cafquc. Thofe who had not been in any turnaments had no 

 arms, though they were gentlemen. 



TURNAU, in Geography, a town of Bohemia, in the 

 circle of Bolefiaw ; 14 miles N.E. of Jung-Buntzel. N. 

 lat. 5:?' 32'. E. long. 15° 11'. 



TURNDORF, a town of Bavaria ; 21 miles N.N.W. 

 of Amberg. 



TURNEBUS, AdRI.vn, in Biography, a learned critic 

 and fcholar, was bora at AnJeli, in Normandy, in th.'' rear 

 15 1 2, educated at Paris, and intimately acquainted with 

 every branch of claflical literature. After having been 

 employed for fome time in teaching the claffics at Touloufe, 

 he became, in 1547, a profeffor of Greek at Paris, in wlich 

 ftation he was very popular. He alfo fuperintended the 

 royal prefs for Greek books, which he dechned on bcir.g 

 appointed profe(ror-royal of Greek in 1555. In his manners, 

 which were mild and condefcending, meek and modeft, he 

 differed, as we regret to obferve, from many eminent fcholars ; 

 fo that Henry Stephens pronounces this eulogy upon him, 



" Hie placuit cunftis, quod fibi non placuit." 



His fame fpread through Italy, Spain, Germany, and 

 England ; from which feveral countries he was honoured 

 with many lucrative propofals, which he declined, though 

 at home his income was fcanty. He clofed his life at Paris in 

 1565, at the age of 53 years, and his remains were privately 

 interred in the cemetery of poor fcholars, at Montaigu- 

 college. Catholics and Proteftants, claiming him refpeftively 

 as one of their own body, concurred in their teftimonies to 

 his learning and charafter. His works confift of »• Anno- 

 tations upon Cicero, Varro, Thucydides, and Plato ;" 

 " Writings againft Ramus ;" " Tranllations from Ariftotle, 

 Theophraftus, Plutarch, Plato, and other Authors ;" " Poems, 

 Latin and Greek ;" " Treatifes on particular Subjefts;" and 

 " Adverfaria ; or, Mifcellaneous Remarks on Writers," 

 which latter was printed at Paris in i vol. fol. 1580. Of his 

 verfions, Huet fays, that they poflefs every quahty neceffary 

 for perfeft tranflations ; as he underftood Greek thoroughly, 

 and turned it into elegant Latin, without deviating from his 



author, and his ftyle was clear a.nd agreeable. 



His works 

 were 



