T U R 



T U R 



is a focket, which is fcrewed to the mandrel ; and b b the 

 chuck, which is formed in tlie fame piece with the focket a ; 

 a dove-tailed groove is formed in the front of the chuck, by 

 means of two pieces d,d, which are fcrewed to the chuck, 

 and into this groove a Aider, e e, is fitted : to this Aider a 

 centre pin is fixed very firmly, and upon the centre pin a 

 circle, y, is fitted, fo as to turn round freely ; in the front 

 of the circle a fcrew, g, projefts, for the purpofe of fixing 

 chucks to the circle. The Aider is applied to the chuck, 

 jiifl the fame as in the oval chuck, but is not left at liberty 

 to Aide in the groove, for a fcrew, /■, is applied, which will 

 move the Aider gradually in the groove, but always holds 

 it fafl: where it is placed. By means of this fcrew, the 

 centre pin of the circle, f, can be made either to coincide 

 witli the line of the mandrel, or it can be fet with any required 

 degree of excentricity from the mandrel, as is Aiewn in 

 _/?f. 19, by the difference between the line of the fcrew g, 

 and that of the focket a. 



The circle is divided round the edge with notches or 

 teeth, cut at equal diftances ; and a tooth or catch, h, is 

 fitted on the Aider by a centre fcrew, and has a tooth which 

 can be inferted into any of the teeth at pleafure, and will 

 hold the circlq fail from turning round upon its own centre 

 pin. In this cafe, any piece of work, which is fixed to 

 the fcrew g, will turn round with the mandrel, jufl as 

 though it was fixed immediately thereto. The manner of 

 ufing this tool is as follows : when the excentric chuck is 

 fcrewed to the mandrel at a, the fcrew, i, is turned, until 

 the fcrew, g, is brought exadly into the line of the man- 

 drel. A wood chuck is now fcrewed on at g, and a piece 

 of work fitted into it ; which work is turned to its required 

 figure, juft as though the wood chuck was fcrewed to the 

 mandrel itfelf, without the interpofition of the excentric 

 chuck, which hitherto has been paffive. The work being 

 turned, it can be beautifully ornamented on the flat furface, 

 by tracing a number of circles upon it. To do this, turn 

 the fcrew i, until the centre of the circle, f, is removed to 

 a given diftance from the line of the mandrel ; now apply a 

 tool to the end or flat furface of the work, by means of the 

 Aide-reft, and turn the mandrel round, until the tool has cut 

 a fine circular line in the furface of the work. Now it is 

 evident that this circle will not be in the centre of the work, 

 but removed from the centre thereof a diftance equal to the 

 degree of excentricity given to the Aider. Having thus de- 

 fcribed one circle, flop the lathe, and releafe the catch li ; 

 then turn the circle, /, round one tooth or notch. 



Put the lathe again in motion, and defcribe another 

 circle by the point of the tool, held exaftly in the fame 

 fpot as before ; but the circle fo defcribed will fall on a 

 different part of the work to that circle which was before 

 made, although its centre vnll be at the fame diftance from 

 the centre of the piece of work. The lathe is flopped, and 

 the circle, f, turned round another tooth : a third circle is 

 then defcribed ; and when as many circles are defcribed as 

 the whole number of teeth in the circle f, the ornamenting 

 IS finifhed. It will confift of as many circles as there are 

 divifions in the circle /, all of an equal fize, and their 

 centres arranged at equal diftances, around the circum- 

 ference of a fmall circle, which is concentric with the work. 

 The whole produces a rofette or engraved figure upon the 

 furface of the work, and the numerous interfeftions of the 

 excentric circles have a very pleafing effeft to the eye. 

 This kind of work is feen on the cafes of many watbhes ; 

 and when well executed, is much efteemed. 



Turning Horizontal Hand-Mill, in Rural Economy, an 

 ufeful contrivance of the hand corn-mill kind. It was 

 in»ented by Mr. Wright, and confifts of a fort of tub or 



Vol. XXXVI. 



box ; the frame of the mill-part of which is three feet 

 fquare, and three and a half in height. Tl>e mill-ftones are 

 eighteen inches in diameter, and inclofed in the tub or box, 

 fupported by two crofs-bearers, under which is a lever, 

 having an iron pin or pivot, vi'hich runs through the centre 

 of the bed ftone into a focket in the bridge of the upper 

 ftone or runner, to which is attached the fhaft and fpindle, 

 running through the eye of the runner and hopper, and fup- 

 porting the fly-wheel and crank. A piece of wood of a 

 round form, fattened on the fhaft, ferves as a feeder ; and 

 above is a fcrew to regulate the feed according as the mill is 

 turned. On the fide of the tub or box is a thumb-fcrew, 

 fixed to the lever underneath, which regulates the ftones, 

 according as they are turned. The fhaft runs through the 

 crown-tree or crofs-bar at the top of the frame, on which 

 is the horizontal fly-wheel and crank ; to which are at- 

 tached one or two handles, by means of which the mill is 

 put in motion. Under the ftones is a drawer ; in which 

 are placed three fieves of different fineffes ; one for taking 

 away the broad bran, another for the coarfe pollard, and 

 the third for ftopping the fine pollard, and letting the flour 

 pafs into the drawer, which is effected by a fort of iron fork 

 running through a hole in front of the drawer, and fixing 

 on one of the fieves. 



Small hand-mills of this nature are extremely convenient 

 and ufeful in many cafes. 



Turning Palifades. See Palisade. 



TuRNiNG-iii)!/, in Cattle, a difeafe that caufes them fre- 

 quently to turn round in the fame place. It is alfo called 

 \hejlurdy ; which fee. See Turn in the Head. 



The common remedy, recommended by Mr. Markham, 

 is to throw the beaft down, and bind him ; then to open his 

 flcuU, and take out a little bladder, filled with water and 

 blood, which ufually lies near the membrane of the brain, 

 and then gradually heal the wound. Boyle's Works, abr. 

 vol. i. p. 87. 



Turning to Rot, in Agriculture, a term ufed in tillage to 

 fignify ftripping, ribbUng, baulking, and combing, accord- 

 ing to the manner in which it is performed. It is the 

 leaving of a narrow ftrip of ground whole, on which the 

 furrow-fluice is turned. It is much ufed in Devonfhire, 

 Cornwall, and fome other diftrifts. 



Turning to IVindward, in Sea Language, denotes tliat 

 operation in failing, in which a fhip endeavours to make a 

 progrefs againft the direftion of the wind, by a compound 

 courfe, inclined to the place of her deftination. This 

 method of navigation is otherwife called plying. See 

 Tacking. 



TURNIP, or TuRNEP, in Agriculture, a moft ufeful and 

 nutritious bulb -rooted plant, of which there are many dif- 

 ferent forts in cultivation by the farmer. It has been long 

 known in this country, but only more lately introduced as 

 a field-crop, probably from Holland, or the Low Countries. 

 It is from a more general introduftion of this root into field- 

 hufbandry, that much improvement and advantage have been 

 produced, not only in the management of arable land, but 

 in the general fyftem of feeding and fupporting different 

 kinds of live-ftock. The culture of this root has, indeed, 

 contributed much towards exploding the expenfive and 

 wafleful praftice of naked fallowing, as well as to cleanfe 

 and ameliorate the foil, and render it more abundantly pro- 

 dudive. 



The turnip belongs to the genus brajfica, and is well- 

 known by its having a round, or rather long, flefhy, eatable 

 root, that varies confiderably in thefe refpefts, as well as 

 fize and colour, in different forts, under the ftate of cultiva- 

 tion. The leaves proceeding from the top of the root in 

 3 M the 



