T U R 



working over the land in fome way or other. The moft im- 

 proved praftice is that of not having the autumn broken-up 

 lands tlirred again, until the furface-working in the early 

 fpring has well loofencd the mould, to favour the growth of 

 weeds, which is bell performed by means of tools that ope- 

 rate the more fuperficially, as by this tillage keeping the 

 upper parts fine and unburied that have been broken and re- 

 dnced by the frolls, it is more fuited to the rifing of fuch. 

 plants than that of turning it down in a deep manner, and 

 the work is done with greater expedition, which is a material 

 objeft at fuch a feafon. This is a moft. excellent method ; 

 but much mull conftantly depend on the nature and ftate of 

 the land in fuch forts of work. See Fallowing and 

 Turnip. 



TvRtilP-Fly, Prevention of, the means of guarding and 

 protefting young feedling turnip-plants againil its attacks 

 aud ravages. Though many different means of this nature 

 have been propofed, few have been attended with much fuc- 

 cefs in preferving the crops. The fubllances which appear 

 to be the mod promifing in this intention, are thofe of foot 

 and quick-lime, and urine and quick-lime, in a ftate of mix- 

 ture proper for being thrown ^ver the plants on the land, in 

 a watering manner, by fome fort of contrivance for the pur- 

 Bofe, or for being put in with the feed. It is fuppofed that 

 the volatile alkali, which is given off by thefe mixtures, may 

 be offenfive to the infefts ; while at the fame time they afford 

 nourifhment and ready growth to the plants. In a trial with 

 lime flaked in urine, in mixture with three parts of foot, 

 applied by means of a fmall barrel, perforated all round 

 with little gimblet holes, fo as to let the quantity of about 

 four bufticls to the acre pafs out, and fall into the drills 

 with the turnip-feed, the adjoining rows were found to be 

 eaten away, while thofe to which the compofition was ap- 

 plied were fcarcely touched at all. The mixture of fulphur 

 with lime has been ufed, but on a full trial found wholly in- 

 efficient. Ammoniacal fumes are faid to be fuccefstul by 

 fome, but further trials are wanting, and they are not very 

 well fuited for the farmer's purpofe. See Seed, Steeping, 

 and Turnip. 



TURNITZ, or TwARDONlCE, in Geography, a town of 

 Moravia, in the circle of Brunn ; 30 miles S.S.E. of 

 Brunn. 



TURNO ViCECOMiTUM, in Lazu, a writ that lies for 

 thofe that are called to the flieriff's turn, out of their own 

 hundred. 



TURNPIKE, a gatefet up acrofs a road, watched by 

 an officer for the purpofe, in order to ftop travellers, wag- 

 gons, coaches, &c. to take toll of them, or money towards 

 repairing or keeping the roads in repair. See Road. 



There are feveral ftatutes, which have eftablifhed regula- 

 tions relating to turnpike-roads, the principal of which, be- 

 fides thofe recited under Highway, are as follow. No per- 

 fon (hall be capable of ailing as a truilee in fuperintending 

 turnpike-roads, who is not poflefled of lands, &c. of the 

 clear yearly value of 40/., or perfonal eftate to the value of 

 800/.; to which purpofe he makes oath before two truftees, 

 or heir apparent of a perfon pofrefl"ed of an eftate in land of 

 the clear yearly value of So/. No alehoufe-keeper, nor per- 

 fons retaihng liquors of any kind, are capable of afting as 

 truftees, or holding any place under them, or coUefting the 

 toll ; but they are not precluded from farming the tolls, pro- 

 vided fome other perfon coUefts them. No gate-keeper, or 

 perfon renting the tolls, and refiding in the toU-houfe, ftiall 

 gain a parifti fettlement, nor ftiall the tolls, or toll-houfe, be 

 afl'efl'ed to the poor-rate, or any other public or parochial 

 levy. Any gate-keeper, permitting a violation of the orders 

 pertaining to carriages aiid horfes, and not proceeding with- 



T U R 



in one week for the recovery of forfeitures, fhall forfeit 40^. 5 

 and both he and the furveyor (hall render upon oath, when 

 required by written notice from the truftees, an account of 

 all money received, on pain of 5/.; and all officers fhall de- 

 hver up their books, &c. relating to the execution of their 

 offices, within ten days after written notice, on pain of 20/.; 

 and all perfons concerned in the execution of afts relating to 

 turnpike-roads, neglefting their duty, fhall forfeit 10/. The 

 truftees, whofe meetings are affembled by ten days' notice 

 affixed on the toll-gates, or other confpicuous places, and 

 adjourned for no longer time than three calendar months, or 

 any five of them, may caufe weighing-engines to be erefted 

 at the toll-gates, order the weighing of carriages and their 

 loads, and take an additional toll for every hundred weight, 

 over and above the following weights : "viz. for every four- 

 wheel carriage, having the felUes of the wheels fixteen inches 

 broad, eight tons in fummer, and feven in winter : for every 

 waggon and wain, with axles of different lengths, having the 

 diftance of the nearer pair of wheels on the ground not more 

 than four feet two inches, and the diftance of the other p^r 

 fuch, that the fore and hind wheels fhall roll only a fingle 

 furface fixteen inches wide, at the leaft, on each fide of the 

 carriage, and the fellies nine inches from fide to fide, fix tons 

 ten hundred in fummer, and fix tons in winter : for every 

 four-wheeled carriage, having the bottom of the fellies of 

 the wheels nine inches broad, fix tons in fummer, and five 

 tons ten hundred in winter : for every cart, having fellies 

 of nine inches, three tons in fummer, and two tons fifteen 

 hundred in winter : for every waggon, having the feUies of 

 the wheels fix inches broad, four tons five hundred in fummer, 

 and three tons fifteen hundred in winter : for every wag- 

 gon, rolling a furface of eleven inches, five tons ten hundred 

 in fummer, and five tons in winter : for every cart of the 

 fame dimenfions, two tons twelve hundred in fummer, and 

 two tons feven hundred in winter : for every waggon, having 

 the bottom of the fellies of the wheels of lefs breadth than 

 fix inches, three tons ten hundred in fummer, and three tons 

 in winter : and for every cart of the fame dimenfions, one 

 ton ten hundred in fummer, and one ton feven hundred in 

 winter : fummer, in all thefe cafes, being determined from 

 May I, to Oftober 31 ; and winter from November i, to 

 April 30. (13 Geo. III. c. 84.) The additional toll fhall 

 be as follows : -viz. for the firft and fecond liundred of over- 

 weight, the fum of ^d. for each hundred : for every hun- 

 dred above two, and not exceeding five hundred, 6d.: for 

 every hundred above five, and not exceeding ten hundred, 

 2s. 6d.: for every hundred above ten, and not exceeding 

 fifteen hundred, 5^.: and for every hundred above fifteen 

 hundred, 20s. The truftees, however, of the feveral turn- 

 pike-roads within ten miles of London, Weftminfter, and 

 Southwark, are allowed to lower thefe additional tolls at 

 pleafure. ( 14 Geo. HI. c. 82.) The toll-taker off"ending 

 againft thefe regulations, incurs a forfeiture of 5/.; but the 

 preceding regulations of weight do not extend to any car- 

 riage employed in hufbandry, and carrying manure for land, 

 hay, ftraw, fodder, or corn unthraihed ; excepting hay or 

 ftraw carried for fale ; nor ftiall any toll be taken for horfes 

 belonging to officers or foldiers upon their march, or upon 

 duty, or for any horfes, cattle, or carriages, employed m 

 carrying their arms or baggage, &c. It is required that a 

 table of the feveral tolls be put up at every toll-gate. 

 (18 Geo, III. c. 63.) For the encouragement of broad 

 wheels, the truftees are empowered to reduce the toll of car- 

 riages, having wheels fix inches broad, fo that it may not be 

 greater than that which is taken for four-wheeled carnages 

 drawn by four horfes; and for carts, having the fellies of 

 their wheels fix inches broad, no more than for carts drawn 



07 



