T U R 



by three liorfes ; but for every carriage, having the fellies 

 of the wheels of lefs breadth than fix inches at the bottom, 

 and for the horfes, &c. one-half more than the tolls payable 

 for the fame refpeftively, except carriages carrying corn in 

 the ftraw, hay, llraw, fodder, dung, lime for the improve- 

 ment of land, or other manure, and implements of huf- 

 bandry. The fellies of the wheels of carriages entitled to 

 the above exemptions, and the tire upon them, are required 

 to be fo flat, as not to deviate more than one inch from a 

 flat furface. And all carriages, moving upon rollers fixteen 

 inches broad on each fide, with flat furfaces, (hall pay only 

 fo much toll as (hall not exceed half of the full toll payable 

 for carriages having the fellies of the wheels fix inches 

 broad, and not rolhng a furface of fixteen inches on each 

 fide ; and half-toll (hall be paid for waggons having 

 the fellies of the wheels nine inches broad, and rolling 

 a furface of fixteen inches on each fide. Thefe regula- 

 tions do not extend to any chaife-marine, coach, landau, 

 Berlin, chariot, chaife, chair, calaih, or hearfe ; nor to 

 the carriage of ammunition or artillery for his majefty's 

 fervice ; nor to any carriage drawn by one horfe, or 

 two oxen ; nor to any carriage having the fellies of the 

 wheels nine inches broad, and laden with one block of (lone 

 or marble, one cable-rope, and one piece of metal or timber; 

 and no toll (hall be paid at any turnpike.,gate for carriages 

 employed in carrying materials for the repair of any turnpike- 

 road, or pubhc highway. No four-wlit eled carriage, having 

 the fellies of the wheels of lefs breadth than fix inches, (iiall 

 pafs on any turnpike-road with more than four horfes. Two 

 oxen or neat cattle (hall be confidered as one horfe. For 

 other regulations relating to the number of horfes, fee 

 Highway. Any carriage may be drawn with any number 

 of horfes upon a turnpike-road, where a weighing-engine 

 (hall be erefted, provided the carriage be weighed at fuch 

 engine ; and the trudees may allow for hills, the rife of 

 vhich (hall be more than four inches in a yard, fuch number 

 of horfes as they (liall think neceflary, not exceeding ten for 

 waggons with nine-inch wheels, nor fix for carts with nine- 

 inch wheels ; and not exceeding feven for waggons with fix- 

 inch wheels, nor five for carts with fix-inch wheels ; and not 

 exceeding five for waggons with wheels of lefs breadth than 

 fix inches, nor four for carts of fuch dimenfions. There is 

 alfo an exception in favour of carriages that are drawn in 

 deep fnow or ice. No carriages, with the fellies of the 

 v/heels of lefs breadth than nine inches, (hall be allowed to 

 pafs upon any turnpike-road, if the fame (hall be drawn by 

 horfes in pairs ; except fuch, having the breadth of the 

 fellies fix inches, authorized by feven or more trullees, and 

 carriages drawn by two horfes only. The penalty, on con- 

 viftion, by confelTion or oath of one witnefs, is a forfeiture 

 not exceeding 5/. nor lefs than 10s. The penalty of evadino- 

 the tolls, by unloading goods, is 5/.; by turning out of the 

 road, for the owner, any fnm not exceeding 5/. nor lefs than 

 20s.: but for the driver, if he be not the owner, any fum 

 not exceeding 50^. nor lefs than 10^.; by taking out horfes, 

 5/.; or by taking the benefit of any exemptions fraudulently, 

 a fum not exceeding 5/. nor lefs than 40^. Exemptions in 

 favour of cattle going to or from water, or pafture, Ihall 

 extend only to fuch as fiiall be driven from one parilh to the 

 next adjoining, or that Ihall not pafs upon the turnpike-road 

 more than the (pace of two miles. Turnpike -roads are 

 kept ill repair by the ftatute-duty, required by the feveral 

 atts, or if this be infufiicient, by contracting for labour, &c. 

 The furveyor of any turnpike -road, who Ihall fuff'er to re- 

 main in any part, within ten feet on either fide of the middle 

 of it, for four days, any heap of ilones, rubbilh, &c. oh- 

 Jlrufting^the pafl'age of it, (hall forfeit 40J.; and any perfou 



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encroaching on it by a ditch, fence. Sec. fhall forfeit 40/.; 

 and the truftees may direft profecution by indiftment for any 

 nuifance, at the expence of the tolls. See Highway and 

 Road. 



If any perfon (hall wilfully or malicioufly deftroy any 

 turnpike-gate, poft, rail, wall, chain, bar, or other fence, 

 fet up to prevent palTengers from paffing without paying 

 toll, or any houfe erefted for the ufe of fuch gate, or any 

 weighing-engine, or refcue any perfon in cuftody for fuch 

 olfences, he (hall be found guilty of felony, and tranfported 

 for feven years, or committed to prifon for any time not ex- 

 ceeding three years. The indictment for fuch offences may 

 be inquired of, heard, and determined in any adjacent county ; 

 and the hundred (hall anfwer damages, as in cafes of rob- 

 bery. If the truftees ereft a gate where they have no 

 power, the juftices upon complaint may order the (heriff to 

 remove it» As for direftion-ftones, &c. fee Highway. 



The truftees are empowered to let the tolls to farm, in 

 confequence of pubfic notice, to the beft bidder ; and if the 

 farmer of the tolls (hall take a greater or lefs toll than he 

 ought to do, he (hall forfeit 5/. and the contraft ; and every 

 other gate-keeper, offending in the fame way, (hall forfeit 

 40J. The truftees may alfo leffen the tolls during fuch time 

 as they (hall think proper, provided that the perfons entitled 

 to five-fixths of the money remaining due upon fuch tolls 

 coiifent. The penalty for obftrufting the execution of 

 any turnpike-aft is a forfeiture of a fum not exceeding 

 10/. nor lefs than 40J. to be paid to the furveyor for the ufe 

 of the road, or commitment to the common gaol, or houfe 

 of correction, for any time not exceeding three months, un- 

 lefs the money be fooner paid. Perfons aggrieved by pro- 

 ceedings in the execution of turnpike afts may appeal, with 

 previous notice, to the general quarter-felfions, when ,the 

 juftices (hall determine the appeal, and award cofts, &c. 

 But all aftions arc limited to thirty-three calendar months 

 after the faft committed, and to the county where the de- 

 fendant refides, or the faft was done ; and the defendant may 

 plead the general ilTue, and if he prevails in theaftion, have 

 treble colls. 13 Geo. III. c. 84. 14 Geo. III. c. 82. 

 16 Geo. III. c. 39. 17 Geo. III. c. 16. 18 Geo. III. 

 c. 28. c. 63. Burn's Juftice, art. High-ways^. 



The firil turnpike-road eretled by law was A.D. 1663. 

 i6Car. II. c. I. 



TuiiNPiKE is alfo ufed, in the Military Art, for a beam 

 ftuck full of fpikes, to be placed in a gap, a breach, or at 

 the entrance of a camp, to keep off an enemy. See Cheval 

 de Jr'ife. 



TURNSOLE. See Turnesole. 



TURNSPIT, Versator, in Zoology, a variety of the- 

 dog (which fee), which belonged, in the arrangement of 

 Dr. Caius, to the clafs of degeneres, curs, or mongrels. 



This breed is much on the decline in England ; though 

 ftill ufed in fome other countries. 



TURNSTONE, in Ornithology, the Enghfh name of a 

 bird, the tringa morinellus of Linnaeus, called by authors mo- 

 rinelhis marinus, or fea-dotterel. 



It is a httle larger than the blackbird ; its head moderately 

 thick, and its body of a longilh fhape ; its beak a finger's 

 breadth long, thick and whitilh at the bafe, and (harp and 

 black at the point ; and its head, neck, (boulders, wings, 

 and the upper part of its breaft, are of a brownifli colour ; 

 its throat and forehead are a(h-coloured ; the back and rump 

 are white ; the middle of its back is marked with a very large 

 triangular black fpot ; the tail confifts of twelve feathers, the 

 lower half white, the upper black, and the tips white ; the 

 quill-feathers are dulky, but from the third or fourth the 

 bottoms are white, iiicreafiug to about the nineteenth, when 



tlie 



