T U R 



cation, is, in modern Turgery, almoft wholly exploded. 

 Lewis. Woodville. Thomfon. 



Turpentine may be of ufe to preferve the bodies of m- 

 fefts. Mr. Bovle took clear Venice turpentine, and eva- 

 porating to two'-thirds, obtained a reddifh tranfparent gum, 

 clear of bubbles, eailly foluble by heat, and as eafily ren- 

 dered brittle by cold. Having firtt pulverized it, he melted 

 it for ufe, with a gentfe heat, and dipped the body to be 

 preferved feveral times in it, till it acquired a cafe of due 

 thicknefs. 



Turpentine, Balfam, Oil, and Sptnt of. See Turpen- 

 tine, fupra. 



TuKPENTlNE-7;w. See PiSTACIA. 



This tree, befides its proper fruit, which fucceeds the 

 flowers in the ufual way, is remarkable for producing what 

 authors of httle curiofity have named another frxiil, called 

 its horn. This horn is a membranous produftion, of the 

 length and thicknefs of a man's finger ; and what fur- 

 prifed thofe authors who eiteemed it a fort of pod, was to 

 find that it produced, not feeds, but living animals, which 

 they called flies. 



The true hiftory of this horn is, that it grows from the 

 furface of the leaves, not from the ftalks, in the manner of 

 fruit, and is no natural production of the tree, but a mere 

 accidental thing, occafioned by the wound of an infeft on 

 the leaf. 



A certain fpecies of animals called pucerons, is pecu- 

 liarly fond of die juices of the turpentine-tree, and always 

 takes its abode upon its leaves ; and thefe horns are pro- 

 duced in the fame manner with the galls of other plants. 

 See PucEROX. 



TURPETH. See TURBITH. 



TURPIN, F. H., in Biography, an hiltorical and bio- 

 graphical writer, was born at Cnen in 1709, where he be- 

 came a profeflbr, but afterwards removed to Paris, and 

 employed himfelf as a copious writer. As he avowed free 

 principles of government, he was under a necefTity of quit- 

 ting France for fome time ; but he died at Paris in a ftate 

 of indigence, betraying neither impatience nor regret, at the 

 advanced age of 90 years. Nouv. Dift. Hiil. 



TURPINIA, in Botany, according to De Theis, is a 

 new genus, dedicated by Humboldt and Bonpland, in their 

 5th fafciculus, to the honour of M. Turpin, an able bota- 

 nical draughtfman, as well as a diftinguilhed naturalill, the 

 author of feveral articles in the Annales du Mufee iVHiJloire 

 Nalurelk. Refpefting the charafters, clafs, or order of 

 this genus, we have no information ; but the abilities of the 

 perfon whofe name it bears are confpicuous in the Flora 

 Parifienfis, publilhed by M. Poiteau and himfelf, in folio, 

 ■with fplcndid plates, printed in colours, a work which un- 

 fortunately remains imperfeft, for want of encouragement. 



TURPNI, in Geography, a mountain of Silefia, in the 

 principality of Tefchen ; 4 miles E. of Jablunkau. 



TURPO, a town of Peru, in the dioccfe of Guamanga ; 

 36 miles W.N.W. of Guanca Velica. 



TURQUOIS. See Turcois. 



TURR-£A, in Botany, received that name from Lin- 

 naeus ; but whether he deligned to commemorate George a 

 Turre, fuperintendant of the botanic garden at Padua, in 

 the latter part of the 17th century, or Anthony Turra, a 

 botanift of his own time, remains uncertain. The former 

 publifhed at Padua, in 1685, a folio hiilory of plants, 

 without figures, entitled Dryadum, Amadryadum, Cloridifque 

 Triumphus, which Linnaeus, when he wrote his Bibliotheca 

 Botanica, had never been able to meet with, and which, 

 when he afterwards acquired it, certainly could contribute 

 little to his information, being a mere compilation of obfo- 

 kte opinions. Anthony Turra, who lived at Viceiiza, 



T U R 



printed in 1765, a 4to. diflertation on the Farfet'ta, a genua 

 now eftabliflied by Mr. Brown in Ait. Hort. Keiu. v. 3. 96. 

 He alfo publifhed, in 1780, a Floree Italicit Prodromus,znd 

 is the author of an Italian diifertation on the febrifuge 

 virtues of Horfe-chefnut bark. We cannot but regret that 

 fo diilinft a genus, remarkable for its elegance as well as 

 rarity, ihould not be more decidedly or Tatisfaclorily ap- 

 propriated. — Linn. Mant. 2. 150. Sm. Plant. Ic. fafc. I. 

 10. Schreb. Gen. 285. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 2. 555. Mart, 

 Mill. Dift. V. 4. Cavan. Difi". 7. 360. Juff. 264. La- 

 marck lUuftr. t. 3JI. — Clafs and order, Decandria Mono- 

 gynia. tiM. Ord. Trihilata, fnl. 1. Linn. Melit, Juff. 



Gen. Ch. Cat. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, bell- 

 fhaped, five-toothed, fmall, permanent. Cor. Petals five, 

 linear, moderately fpreading, very long, flightly dilated 

 upward. Neftary a cylindrical tube, as long as the petals, 

 or longer ; its margin in ten acute fpreading fegments, 

 fometimcs divided. Stam. Filaments ten, very ftiort, in- 

 ferted between the teeth of the ncftary ; anthers ere<5t, 

 nearly ovate, emarginate. Pi/l. Germen fuperior, roundifh, 

 ftyle thread-lhaped, about the length of the neftary ; iligma 

 rather obtufe, corrugated. Peric. Capfule roiindifli, de- 

 prelfed, five-lobed, five-celled, with ten valves, burfting 

 lengthwife. Seeds kidncy-ftiaped, two in each cell. 



Efl". Ch. Calyx writh five teeth. Petals five. Neftary 

 cylindrical, bearing the anthers between its fegraents. 

 Capfule fuperior, five-lobed, five-celled. Seeds in pairs. 

 Linnseus knew but one fpecies of Turrta, fent him by 

 Koenig. The writer of the prefent article has delineated 

 that, with two new fpecies, in his Plantarum Icones, and has 

 now an opportunity of adding a fourth ; making, with one 

 defcribcd by Cavanilles, and another by Hellenius, fix 

 ■fpecies in all. The whole are of a flirubby habit, with 

 alternate, flalked, entire, fimple, moftly undivided, leaves, 

 without jlipulas, and ftalked, lateral _/?owfr/, remarkable for 

 their great length. 



1. T. I'irens. Evergreen Turrxa. Linn. Mant. 237. 

 Willd. n. I. Sm. Plant. Ic. fafc. I. t. 10. Cavan. Diff. 

 361. n. 524. — Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, emarginate, very 

 fmooth. Calyx and fruit filky. — Gathered by Koenig 

 among the lava of extinct volcanoes in the Eail Indies. 

 This is an evergreen tree, or JLrub, with fcattered, divaricated, 

 round, brown, leafy branches, flightly filky in their youngeil 

 flate only. Leaves about three inches long, on fhort thick 

 fl:alks, fmooth and (hining on both fides, terminating in a 

 fhort, broad, notched point ; furnifhed with a ftrong mid- 

 rib, and innumerable finely reticulated veins ; their under 

 fide much the paleft. Floivers in little, fhort, axillary tufts, 

 on angular "psxtizX flalis, and accompanied by a few fmall 

 leaves, as well as many linear filky bra8eas. Calyx very 

 fmall, filky, with five angles, and five fmall teeth. Petals 

 and nellary fmooth, flenderand delicate, above an inch long; 

 we fhould fuppofe them to be white, or pale flefh-coloured ; 

 Linnaeus thought the former, at leafl, were yellow. Cap- 

 fule a quarter of an inch in diameter, clothed with filky 



prominent hairs. 



2. T. pubefcens. Downv-leaved Turrasa. " Hellenius 

 in Stockh. Tranf. for 1788.' p. 296. t. 10. f. 3." Willd. 

 n. 2. — Leaves ovate, undivided or emarginate ; downy be- 

 neath. Flowers aggregate. Calyx villous. — Native of the 

 ifland of Hainan. The fruit of this fpecies has not been 

 obferved. We have never feen a fjjecimen, nor are we pof- 

 feffed of that particular volume of the Stockholm Tranf- 

 aftions, in which alone it is defcribed and figured. Having 

 formerly however examined that work, in order to contrail 

 this with the other fpecies, we have no doubt of its being 

 well defined. 



3. T. maailata. Spotted-leaved 'Turraea. Sm. Plant. 



Ic. 



