T U li 



Ic t. II. Willd. n. 3. (T. glabra; Cavan. DifT. 360. 

 n. 521. t. 204.) — Leaves elliptical, fmooth. Calyx fringed. 

 -•—Gathered by Commerfon in Madagafcar. This appears 

 to be a tree, with deciduous leaves, which are perfeftly 

 fmooth, of a broad, elliptical figure, bluntly pointed, two 

 inches or more in length ; marked with pale blotches on the 

 under fide, efpecially near the ribs. Footjlalks channelled, 

 half an inch long. Flowers two or three together, on 

 fmooth fimple Jlalks, hardly an inch long, creft. Calyx 

 quite fmooth, except its filky edges ; the teeth fliort. 

 Petals three inches long, yellow in the dried fpecimen, a 

 little downy externally at the upper part. NeHary, about 

 the fame length, flightly dilated, or funnel-fhaped, at the 

 top, with undivided Tegments. 



4. T/. fericea. Silky-leaved Turraea. Sm. PI. Ic. t. 12. 

 Willd. n. 4. (T. tomentofa ; Cavan. DifT. 361. n. 522. 

 t. 205. {. i.) — Leaves eUiptical ; villous on both fides. 

 Calyx and flower-llalks downy. Segments of the neftary 

 divided. — Gathered by Commerfon in Madagafcar. The 

 leaves are denfely clothed, efpecially when young, on both 

 fides, with fhort, fliaggy, filky hairs, and iland on downy 



footjlalks. Some of them, in our fpecimen, betray fymptoms 

 of being occafionlly angular, or very (lightly lobed. The 

 fioiuers are even larger than the laft, their petals and neilary 

 meafuring each five inches. Tiieir colour appears to be 

 reddifh, and both arc externally downy. The fegments of 

 the nedary, an inch long, are each divided half way down, 

 into two almoft capillary points. The fruit of this, as well 

 as the preceding, is unknown. 



5. T. lanceolata. Pink and Green Turraea. Cavan. DifT. 

 361. n. 523. t. 205. f. I. Willd. n. 5. — Leaves elliptic- 

 lanceolate, fomcwhat wavy, fmooth. Teeth of the calyx 

 downy, twice the length of its tube. Nectary longer than 

 the petals, its fegments bearing the anthers. — Gathered 

 likewife in Madagafcar, by Commerfon. The leaves are 

 quite fmooth, rounded at each end, about two inches long, 

 rather coriaceous ; fome of them wavy at the edge. Foot- 

 jlalks rather fhort and ftout. Flo-werjlalks folitary or in 



pairs, ereft, angular, fmooth, fcarcely longer than the calyx 

 with its teeth. Petals linear, an inch and half long ; 

 rofe-coloured in their lower half ; yellow above ; green and 

 externally hairy, at the extremity ; they cohere in our 

 fpecimen, forming a tube, fo as to refemble fome of the 

 tubular-flowered Erica, whofe ilamens moreover are imitated 

 by the pale, prominent, ribbed nectary, bearing the feflile 

 anthers, about the middle of its taper-pointed fegments. 

 This peculiar infertiou of the anthers, the apparently mono- 

 petalous corolla, and our ignorance of the fruit, have always 

 prevented our publifhing this beautiful plant as a Turrsa ; 

 but Cavanilles feems to have found the petals diftinft, and 

 we follow his example in admitting it here, though Hill with 

 great fcruples, on account of the anthers. 



6. T. heterophylla. Various-leaved Turrasa. — Leaves 

 ovate ; undivided or three-lobed, with downy veins. Calyx 

 downy, with (hort teeth. Petals fomewhat fpatulate, longer 

 than the nectary.— Gathered on the Cape Coalt of Africa, 

 by Mr. William Brafs, and communicated to us by the 

 right honourable fir Jofeph Banks, in 1798. This has 

 llender, downy, leafy branches. Leaves two, or two and a 

 half, inches long, on fhortifh, downy Jlalh ; fome of them 

 ovate, pointed, quite undivided ; others, rather the largeft, 

 wedge-ftiaped at the bafe, dilated beyond the middle, into 

 two, more or lefs diltinft, blunt, lateral lobes ; all thm, 

 copioully veined, paler beneath ; their principal veins downy 

 on both fides. Fioiuers red, fmaller than any of the fore- 

 going, on downy Jlalis not an inch long, itandmg m pairs 

 on one Ihorter, more downy, axillary coinmonjlalk, accom- 

 panied by a few fmall bracLas. Calyx angular, with broad, 



T U K 



fhort, pointed teeth. Petals fcarcely an inch in length, 

 much dilated upwards, paleft on the infide. NeBary two- 

 thirds as long as the petals, exadly cylindrical, fmooth. 

 It ieems to have almoft capillary marginal teeth, between 

 which are feated the large tumid anthers ; but our fpecimen 

 is not in fufficiently good order to allow us to fpeak 

 pofitively to this point. The figma is club-fliaped, large 

 and prominent. Fruit wanting. 



TURREBA, the Earth-Apple, in Natural Hi/lory, a 

 name g:iven by the people of Guinea, and fome other parts 

 ot Africa, to a very fine kind of truffle, which they find in 

 great plenty in their barren defarts, four or five inches under 

 the fand. 



TURREFF, in Geography, a market-town in the difl.ria 

 of the fame name, and Ihire of Aberdeen, Scotland ; is fitu- 

 ated on the banks of the Deveron, t,^ miles N. by W. diftant 

 from Aberdeen, and 15; N. by E.'from Edinburgh. It is a 

 free burgh of barony, by a charter of James IV. granted in 

 15 1 1, whereby it was entitled to hold a weekly market and 

 two annual fairs : the market is well fupplied ; and the num- 

 ber of fairs has been increafed to feven. The principal ma- 

 nufaftures are thofe of linen-yarn, thread, and brown hnen ; 

 and here is a confiderable bleach-field. The church was re- 

 built in 1794. Here was formerly an hofpital belonging to 

 the knights Templars ; and alfo one for twelve old men, 

 founded in 1272 by Cumyn, earl of Buchan, and richly en- 

 dowed in the fuccceding century by king Robert Bruce. 

 The parifh of Tlirreff extends found the town about 4-^ miles 

 in every direftion, except to the N.W. where it is bounded 

 by the Deveron. Agricultural improvements have been lately 

 introduced; and here are feveral confiderable plantations. In 

 the population return of the year 1 8 1 1 , the inhabitants of the 

 parilh are Hated to be 2227 ; the number of houfes 502. — 

 Beauties of Scotland, vol. iv. Aberdeen fhire, 1806. Car- 

 lifle's Topographical Didtionary of Scotland, 1815. 



TURRETS, Moveable, in the Roman Art of War, were 

 of two forts, the lefs and the greater : thofe of the leffer 

 fort were about 60 cubits high, with fquare fides, 17 cubits 

 broad ; they had five or fix, and fometimes ten ftories or 

 divifions, each of which was open on all fides. The greater 

 turrets were 120 cubits high, and 23 cubits fquare, con- 

 taining fometimes fifteen, fometimes twenty divifions. They 

 were of great ufe in making approaches to the walls, the 

 divifions being able to carry foldiers, with engines, ladders, 

 cafting-bridges, and other neceffaries. 



The wheels on which they moved were contrived to be 

 within the planks, to defend them from the enemy, and the 

 men who were to drive them forwards ftood behind, where 

 they were moft fecure ; the foldiers within were protected 

 by raw hides thrown over the turrets, and guarding thofe 

 parts that were moft expofed. See Tower. 



Turret IJland, in Geography, a fmall illand in the Mergui 

 Archipelago. N. lat. 10" 24'. 



TURRETINI, Benedict, in Biography, an eminent 

 Proteftant divine, was the defcendant of an ancient family of 

 Lucca, and born at Ziffich in 1588, being the fon of a re- 

 fugee from his country on account of his attachment to the 

 principles of the Reformation; and in 1612 became a paftor 

 and profeffor of theology at Geneva. He was employed in 

 feveral fuccefsful miflions, by the condutt of which he gained 

 diftinguifhed reputation; and died in 1631, with the cha- 

 rafter of an eminent theologian, and a man of prudence 

 and moderation. His works were, " A Defence of the 

 Fidelity of the German Verfion of the Bible," written in 

 French, and comprifed in 3 vols. 410. 1618 — 20, with a 

 fequel in 1626; a variety of theological difputations in 

 Latin, on the Calvinillic fyftem of divinity ; and fermons 



in Italian and French. Moreri. 



His 



