V A L 



V A L 



rior germen. But we apprehend that what looks like an in- 

 ferioi ,:dlyx, may be four bi-fldens, and that this fpecies, like 

 Rubi<i dnflorum, may have no renlpenanl/i. 



1. V. muralts. Wall Crofs-wort. Linn. Sp. PI. 1490. 

 Wilid. n. I. Ait. n. I. Sm. Fl. Grac. Sibth. v. 2. 28. 

 t. i^^- (V. annua quadrifida verticillata, floribus ex viridi 

 pallei entibus, fruftu echinato ; Mich. Gen. 13. t. 7. Cru- 

 ciata nova romana minima muralis ; Column. Ecphr. 298. 

 t. 297. f. 2. Rubia quadrifolia, vcrticillato femine ; Bauh. 

 Hift. V. 3. 718.) — Fruit lobed ; its angles fringed with 

 teeth. Whorls crowded. — Native of walls and dry banks in 

 Italy and the fouth of Fi . ce, as well as in Greece. Dr. 

 Sibthorp gathered it on mount Hymettue, near Athens, and 

 on the hills of the country of Argos. The root is fmall and 

 annual. Stems feveral, about a finger's length, afcending, 

 clothed with numerous whorls of fmall, obovate, entire 

 leaves, four in a whorl, a little hairy on each fide. Flowers 

 axillary, one to each leaf, fmall, fefiile, pale yellow. Fruit 

 of a fingular appaarance, much larger than the flowers, de- 

 flexed ; gibbous and fmooth at the bafe, lodging a folitary, 

 ovate, fmoothyiW; its lobes divaricated and toothed. 



2. V. hifpida. I3riilly Crofs-wort. Linn. Sp. PI. 1490. 

 Willd. n. 2. Ait. n. 2. Sm. Fl. Gra>c. Sibth. v. 2. 29. 

 t. 138. — Fruit briftly. Whorls rather remote — Native of 

 the fouth of Europe. Dr. Sibthorp gathered it on the 

 mountains of Crete, and has fupplied the only figure that 

 exifts of this fpecies. An annual herb, twice the fize of 

 the foregoing, and dillinguifhed by its longer, narrower, 

 more diftant leaves ; but more effentially by the oblong form 

 of its common receptacle, or jru'il, bffet with pale rigid 

 brillles, and not fringed, in whofe gibbous fmooth bafe is 

 lodged a fohtaryyjfi/, whofe infertion is crroneoufly repre- 

 fented by Gartner. Miller cultivated both thefe fpecies, but 

 nothing can be lefs likely to intereft. a mere (lower-garden 

 botanill. To thofe who ftudy natural genera, and their 

 affinities, thefe plants are highly curious, and fufficiently 

 demonftrate Valant'ia to be diitind from Galium. 



^. \.filiformis. Leall Crofs-wort. Ait. n. 3. WiUd. 

 n. 3. — Fruit cylindrical, fcaly, without prickles, longer than 

 its Italk. Leaves lanceolate, fomewhat fringed. Gatiiered 

 by Mr. Maffon, in Teneriffe. Root annual. Stems fimple, 

 a fpan long, hifpid. Leaves four in each whorl, fomewhat 

 ftalked, reticulated with veins ; the lower ones roundifti. 

 Common receptacle befet with minute, lanceolate, chaffy fcales. 

 4. V. CucuHaria. Hooded Crofs-wort. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 1491. Amoen. Acad. v. 4. 296. Willd. n. 5. Ait. n. 5. 

 (CucuHaria; Buxb. Cent. i. 13. t. 19. f. 2.)— Bradeas 

 ovate, ftalked, deflexed, concealing the oblong furrowed 



hairy fruit Gathered by Buxbaum, in Cappadocia, and 



by HafTelquift in Arabia, on hills, flowering in May. A 

 fmall, branching, annual herb, with fquare rough-edged 

 Jem^. Leave) ovate, ftalked, revolute, rough with mniute 

 prickles. Flowers very fmall, yellovvifti, on branched 

 axillary /(j/ij, each ftalk bearing three flowers, and as many 

 large, pale, reticulated, fmooth, overdwdowing bradeas, 

 which well mark this fpecies, and caufed Buxbaum to dif- 

 tinguifti it as a genus, by the name of CucuHaria. The 

 plant is, however, a true Valantia. 



VALARSA-KERD, in Geography, a town of Turkifh 

 Armenia ; 1 5 miles W. of Diadin. 



VALAY, a fmall ifland near the weft coaft of North 

 Uift. N. lat. 57^ 37'. W. long. 7° 29'. 



VALBASE, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile ; 15 miles 

 W.S.W. of Burgos. 



VALCA, a river of the Popedom, which runs into the 

 Tiber, about 5 miles above Rome. 



VALCALDE, or Villa Calde, a town of the Ge- 

 noele republic ; 10 miles N. of Genoa. 



VALCKENBURG, a town of Holland ; 3 miles N.W. 

 of Ley den. 



VALCKENSTEIN, a town of the duchy of Wurz- 

 burg ; 5 miles N. of Geroltzliofen. 

 VALCOUR. See Walcour. 



VALDAGNO, a town of Italy, in the Vicentin ; 17 

 miles W. of Vicenza. 



VALDAIA, or Valday, a town of RufTia, in the 

 government of Novgorod ; 72 miles S.E. of Novgorod. 

 N. lat. 57° 50'. E. long. 33° 44'. 



VALDARACETE, atownof Spain, in New Caftile ; 

 22 miles S.E. of Madrid. 



VALDASNES, atownof Portugal, in the province of 

 Tras OS Montes ; 9 miles E.S.E. of Mirandela. 



VALDAY MoUNTAiN.s, mountains of Ruffia, in the 

 government of Novgorod, which are croffed in travelling 

 from Peterfburgh to Mofcovv, and are probably a con- 

 tinuation of the Lapland mountains. They were known 

 to the ancient geographers by the name of Mons Alaunus. 

 At prefent they arc indifferently called Vhifokaya Ploft- 

 chade, high rifing ground, or the mountains of Valday, 

 from the town and tiie lake Valday, which are fituated on 

 their fummits. The country about Valday, being the 

 higheft point of the mountain, is extremely pleafant. 

 Fine, flow-rifing hills, a charming pellucid lake, with an 

 ifland on which ftands a noble monaftery, delightful groves, 

 and an extenfive fccnery, form the moft pleafing variety. 

 Thefe mountains afford numerous and large blocks of 

 granite, quartz, and fand-ftone, together with felfpar, horn- 

 blende, mica, fchorl, porphyry, jafper and fteatites. The 

 granite blocks are covered with fand and clay. The Valday 

 eminence, which is the higheft ridge of thefe mountains, 

 ftiapes its courfe from the north, and appears to take its 

 departure from between the lakes Ladoga and Onega. 

 It then itretches acrofs the Mila, runs between the Ilmen 

 lake and the Seliger, and extends its foot as far as into the 

 governments of Smolcnik, Orel, and Novgorod-Severlki. 

 About its weftern, fouthern, and eaftern dechvities, are 

 feveral ftrong ftrata of chalk and marie, which in farther 

 progrefs are loft in marfliy and fandy plains. Some natu- 

 ralifts are of opinion, that the whole of this Valday chain of 

 mountains is the effedt of violent inundations, and that it 

 entirely confifts of a chalk-ftone rifen from crumbled and 

 deftroyed marine produftions. But it is no lefs probable, 

 that the middle part is a primitive mountain, having granite 

 for its principal ftratum, which, through a long interval of 

 time, and perhaps under water, is fo much decayed as to be 

 in a manner fmoothed. No chalk-pit has yet been opened 

 on its fummit. Upon the whole it is fuppofed, that all 

 thefe elevations may be an original mountain decayed and 

 deftroyed on its furface, on which, round about its decli- 

 vities, the loofe chalk and marie are floated and dcpofited. 

 Among thefe mountains no mine has yet been explored. 

 Some fpecimens have been obtained of copper and lead ; 

 but here is plenty of iron and ftone. The extreme elevation 

 of the Valday mountains is very moderate, as the higheft 

 point is fcarcely 200 fathoms above the level of St. Peterf- 

 burgh. Befides the Valday lakes, there are others of in- 

 ferior note ; and at the weftern foot is the great lake Ilmen, 

 at the fouthern, the Seliger, &c. Of the rivers, fome fpnng 

 from the mountains, and others are fupplied by the lakes 

 that lie at their feet ; fnch are the Volga, the Duna, the 

 Volkhof, the Lovat, the Pola, the Tftiagedo, the Kolp, the 

 Dnieper, the Don, the Oka, ixc. 'iTiefe mountains are 



fparingly 



