V A L 



waters that are connefted with it. Moreover, in ordinary 

 cafes, he is lord of the game which inhabits or ftrays upon 

 his manor. This being, however, a right of plcafure rather 

 than profit, has no fixed ftandard of eftimation. The right 

 of tltk', when attached to an eftate, is the moll defirable of 

 abftraft rights arifing out of landed property. For as far 

 as the right extends, whether to a lay reftory or a vicarial 

 impropriatorftiip, the lands which it covers become in effeft 

 tithe-free ; as every judicious proprietor incorporates the 

 rents of the tithe with thofe of the lands out of which it is 

 payable : thus, if the right, as it generally is, be reftorial, 

 freeing them wholly from the encumbrance of tithes, as a 

 tax on improvements, and as an obilacle to the growth of 

 grain. The right of advo'jjfon, or the privilege of appoint- 

 ing a paftor to propagate religion and morality upon an 

 eftate, properly enough belongs to its poffeflbr ; as no other 

 individual is fo intimately conceiined in the moral conduft of 

 its inhabitants. The right of reprefeniation, or eleftion, or 

 the appointment, in whole or in part, of a legiilator to affift 

 in promoting good order in the nation at large. And what 

 clafs of the community, it is afked, can produce a fairer 

 claim to this right than the proprietors of the country ? 

 The value of thefe rights is left for others to eilimate and 

 determine. See Timber and Tithes. 



The chief circumftances to be confidered having thus been 

 pointed out, and their importance and influence explained, 

 in concluding the fubjeft it may be obferved, that the dif- 

 ference between the particulars that give value to a landed 

 eftate, and the encumbrances to which it is liable, is the net 

 value of the property under valuation. 



VALUE, Valor, in Commerce, the price or worth of 

 any thing. 



Value, Intrinfic, denotes the proper, real, and effective 

 worth of any thing ; and is ufed chiefly fvith regard to 

 money : the popular value of which may be raifed and 

 lowered at the pleafure of the prince ; but its real or in- 

 trinfic value, depending wholly on its weight and finenefs, 

 is not at all afFefted by the ftamp or impreffion thereon. 



It is generally on the foot of this intrinfic value, that 

 fpecics are received in foreign countries ; though in the 

 places where they are coined, and where the fovereign power 

 makes them current, they fometimes pafs for much more. 



It is, in good meafure, on the difference of thofe two 

 values, one of which is, as it were, arbitrary, and the other, 

 in fome fort, natural, that the difference of exchanges de- 

 pends ; and thofe ftill rifing and falling, as the rate at which 

 a fpecies is current, comes nearer or farther off the juft price 

 of the metal of which it confiftsi 



Value, in Bills of Exchange, is ufed to fignify the nature 

 of the thing (as ready money, merchandizes, bills, debts, 

 &c. ) which is given, as it were, in exchange for the fum 

 fpecitied in the bill. 



From four different manners of exprefllng this value, 

 fome diftinguifhed four kinds of bills of exchange. The 

 firft bears value received, fimply and purely, which com- 

 prehends all kinds of value ; the fecond, valued received in 

 money or merchandize ; the third, value of myfelf; and the 

 fourth, value underflood. 



The firft is dangerous, and the fourth but little ufed : 

 accordingly, to have the value well expreffed, and to pre- 

 verx the ill confequences of overfights therein, it is well 

 provided by the French ordonnance of 1673, ^''^' '^'^^ 

 of exchange fhould contain the name of the perfon to 

 . whom the contained fum is to be paid ; the time of pay- 

 ment ; the name of him who has given the value ; and 

 whether it was received in money, merchandize, or other 

 effects. 



V A L 



Value, Valor, or Valentia, in Lanu. Weft gives us a 

 nice difference between value ?ind price ; the value (fays he) 

 of things in which offences are committed, is ufuaily com- 

 prifed in indiftments ; which feems neceffary in theft, to 

 make a difference from petty larceny ; and in trefpafs, to 

 aggravate the fault and increafe the fine. 



But no price of things fert naturs may be expreffed, as 

 of deers, hares, Sec. if they be not in parks or warrens. 

 And where the number of things taken is to be expreffed 

 in the indiftment, as of young doves in a dove-houfe, there 

 muft be faid pretii, or ad valentiam : but of divers dead 

 things, ad valentiam, and not pretii : of coin not current, 

 it fhall be faid pretii; but of coin current, neither pretii 

 nor ad valentiam ; the price and value being certain . 



VALVE, Valvula, formed from valvar, folding-doors, in 

 Hydraulics, Pneumatics, &c. is a kind of lid, or cover, of a 

 tube or veffel, fo contrived as to open one way ; but which, 

 the more forcibly it is preffed the other way, the clofer 

 it (huts the aperture : fo that it either admits the entrance 

 of a fluid into the tube or veffel, and prevents its return ; 

 or admits it to efcape, and prevents its re-entrance. For 

 water, thofe valves are the beft which intercept the paffage 

 leaft ; and none appear to aiifwer this purpofe better than 

 the common clack-valve of leather, which is generally with- 

 in fingle, or divided into two pai'ts ; but it is fometimes 

 compofed of four parts, united fo as to form a pyramid, 

 nearly refembling the double and triple valves whicii are 

 formed by nature in the hearts of animals. A board, or a 

 round flat piece of metal, divided unequally by an axis 

 on which it moves, makes alfo a very fimple valve. 

 Where a valve is intended for intercepting the paffage of 

 fteam, it muft be of metal : fuch a valve is generally a 

 flat plate, with its edge ground fomewhat conically, and 

 guided in its motion by a wire or pin. For air, valves are 

 commonly made of oiled filk, fupported by a perforated 

 plate or grating. 



Valves are of great ufe in the air-pump and other vrind- 

 engines ; in which they are ordinarily made of pieces of 

 bladder, or oiled filk. 



In hydraulic engines, as the emboli of pumps, they are 

 frequently of leather ; the figure round ; and they are 

 fitted to fhut the apertures of the barrels or pipes. 



Sometimes they are made of two round pieces of leather, 

 inclofed between two others of brafs ; having divers per-" 

 forations, which are covered with another piece of brafs, 

 moveable upwards and downwards, on a kind of axis, which 

 goes through the middle of them all. 



Sometimes they are made of brafs, covered over with 

 leather, and furnifhed with a fine fpring, which gives way 

 upon a force applied againft it : but, upon the ceafing of 

 that, returns the valve over the aperture. (See Pump.) See 

 alfo for the conftruftion of different forts of valves for the 

 buckets of pumps, Defaguhers, Exp. Phil. vol. ii. p. 156, 

 &c. ; and for the defcription of a new valve by M. Belidor, 

 ibid. p. 180. 



Valve, in Anatomy. See Valvula. 

 Conftantine Varolius, a Bolognefe, and phyfician of Gre- 

 gory XIII., who died in 1570, was the firfl that obferved 

 the valve in the colon. Bart. Euftachio, a native of San 

 Severr.o, in Italy, difcovered about the fame time the valve 

 at the orifice of the coronary vein ; and that remarkable 

 one at the orifice of the lower trunk of the vena cara, near 

 the right auricle of the heart : though he did not take it 

 for a valve, but merely for a membrane. 



Sig. Lancifi, phyfician to pope Clement XL, who firft 



pubhfhed Euftachio's works, takes the ufe of this valve to 



be, to prevent the blood of the upper vena cava from 



9 ^ ftriking 



