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UDDER, in Rural Economy, a term applied to the 

 glandular organ which is deftined for the preparation and 

 fecretion of the milk in cows, mares, evi'es, fows, or any 

 other kinds of domcftic animals, and which is often much 

 fubjeft to difeafe. 



It is to be noticed, that the udders of young cows which 

 are in a high condition, are fometimes very greatly fwoUen 

 and inflamed for feveral days before they calve ; ia which 

 cafes, it is moftly proper to milk them frequently in repeti- 

 tion, and alternately to anoint the diftended parts, in fome 

 fevere inftances, with a faturnine coohng ointment, and 

 brandy, or fome other quickly evaporating fpirit ; as, by 

 fuch means, tliefe fwellings are often fpeedily removed, 

 without much danger or inconvenience. But, befides thefe 

 forts of fwellings, the udders of cows are liable to injuries, 

 which are often of a more ferious confequence, as from falls, 

 blows, the wounds of fharp inftruments, or fuch as are 

 pointed, and the violent fucking of calves, as well as from 

 the injudicious or rough treatment of harfli and inex- 

 perienced milkers. In all fuch cafes, while the inflamma- 

 tion in the glands remains in a hard and indolent ftate, the 

 parts fo afFefted fliould be repeatedly anointed in the courfe 

 of the day with fome gentle cooling fubltance, fuch as frerti 

 lard, or with a folution confifliing of one ounce of Caftile 

 foap, diffolved in a pint and a half of new milk, over a mo- 

 derate fire, conftantly ftirring it until it becomes thoroughly 

 mixed and incorporated. An ointment, too, prepared from 

 the juice of the leaves of the common thorn-apple, by mixing 

 it with frefli hog's-lard, is faid by fome to be an excellent 

 application in cafes of this nature. Such tumours may like- 

 wife, in many inflances, be anointed with a little of a compofi- 

 tion, confiding of camphor diffolved in fpirit and blue oint- 

 ment, with great benefit ; and about half a drachm of calomel 

 may be given in a hornful of treacle and warm beer, three 

 or four mornings together, if the fweUing fliould continue 

 to increafe. where, however, the udder and teats are con- 

 Cderably inflamed and fwelled, other internal remedies may 

 be had recourfe to ; for which purpofe, it has been recom- 

 mended to mix four ounces of nitre with one pound of com- 

 mon fait, and to give two table fpoonfuls of the powder in 

 a gallon of tliin water-gruel every three hours. But in cafe 

 the affeftion, in fuch infl;ances, (hould have made, from 

 negleft, fucli progrefs as to difplay large hardifli tumours 

 in the parts, fomentations of the fort given below may often 

 be applied with advantage. Boil in a fufficient quantity of 

 water one handful of the leaves of common hemlock, the 

 fame quantity of the dwarf or round-leaved mallow, and an 

 equal proportion of common melilot, and diligently apply 

 the liquid, by means of cloths wrung out of it, to the part 

 or parts, as warm as the beaft can bear it. As foon as the 

 Mimour or tumours, in this cafe, burfts or opens, the 

 wound fliould be well and properly cleaned, and then 

 covered with a pledget of lint, and a plafler of common 

 cerate or bafiUcon laid over all. 



The remedy diredled below, it is faid, has been employed 

 with great fuccefs in very obftinate cafes of ulcerated cattle 

 udders : one ounce of gum ammoniacum, the fame quan- 

 tities each of gum galbanum, Caftile foap, and extraft of 

 hemlock ; reduce the gums into powder, and form them 

 with the foap and extraft into eight fmall balls, one of 

 which is to be given to the beaft every night and morning. 

 In cafes where the teats only are fore, they may firft be 

 waflied well with clean warm foap-fuds, and then rubbed 

 with an ointment, compofed of finely powdered cerufli; or 

 white lead, which has previoufly been faturated with brandy, 

 and well mixed and united with a proper quantity of elder 

 ointment or goofc-greafe. 



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In the cafe of flieep too, thefe parts are often much 

 affefted, when the lambs are yeaned in the ewes, the lafti- 

 ferous dufts in the udders of which are liable to become 

 attacked with various obftruAions, which ai'e the confe- 

 quence of hard tumours or fuellings being formed, which 

 are accompanied with inflammation, and which, if not 

 fpeedily relieved, will terminate in mortification, not unfre- 

 quently in the courfe of twenty -four hours. As foon as 

 fuch fwellings or tumours are difcovered, the wool fliould 

 be fliorn off clofely in a careful manner, and the part af- 

 fefted be frequently wetted and rubbed well with cam- 

 phorated fpirit of wine. If, however, fuppuration fliould 

 enfue, the part fliould be laid open by a ftrong lancet or 

 fharp knife, and the matter be difcharged, when a pledget 

 of lint fliould be laid over the part, and fecured by a plafter 

 fpread with fome foft ointment, or the common cerate 

 rubbed with a little oil. Ewes, when thus aflFefted, fliould 

 be kept feparate from the reft of the flock, and though one 

 of the nipples may be loll, they may be allowed to fuckle 

 their lambs ; but in cafes where both are affeded, there is, 

 of courfe, no alternative but that of fattening them off for 

 fale, and to bring up their lambs by hand in the beft man- 

 ner poffible. 



The udders and nipples of ewes are likewile very apt to 

 be heated, chafed, and fretted, by which the lambs are 

 prevented frum being let fuck in a proper and ready man- 

 ner ; confequently, in all fuch cafes, the parts fo affefted 

 fliould be kept as cool as poffible, and be well waflied with 

 a weak folution of white vitriol in rain-water, or be anointed 

 with fome mild foftening ointment, fuch as that of elder, or 

 common cerate foftcned with oil, once or twice in the day ; 

 care being taken to have them well removed by the ufe of 

 warm water and a little foft foap, before the lambs be again 

 admitted to them for fuckling. 



The difeafes of the udders, in the other forts of domeftic 

 animals, are, for the moft part, to be treated in a fimilar 

 manner, according as the nature of the,m may be ; always 

 having the parts carefully cleaned, before the young are 

 fuckled. 



\Ji>Ti^B.-Loch'ing, a term ufed in the management of 

 flieep, to fignify the praftice of clearing away the locks 

 of wool from about the udders, and other parts, where the 

 lambs fuck, in ewes. Some flieep-farmers have a very high 

 opinion of the neceffity and utility of this cuftom, while 

 others as ftrongly condemn it, and confider it to be quite 

 unneceffary, as well as dangerous and hurtful both to the 

 ewes and ttie lambs. It may, however, be ufeful in dif- 

 ferent cafes and circumftances. The former, or thofe in 

 favour of the praftice, recommend that, irrunediately befure 

 the ewes begin to drop their lambs, they fliould be carefully 

 driven into the yards, folds, or pens, and have a fmall 

 part of the locky wool pulled off from about their udders, 

 in order to give the lambs more eafy and ready accefs to 

 the teats or nipples, by which they come forward fafter, 

 and fucceed better. But the latter, or thofe who objeft to 

 the cuftom, think that they have feen inftances where it oc- 

 cafioned not only the death of nearly one-twentieth part or 

 the ewes, but that many of thofe which furvived it lambed 

 dead lambs at the danger and hazard of their own hves. 

 They fuppofe that there is naturally a fufficient fpace left 

 bare about thefe parts, fo as to enable the young lambs to 

 find the dugs or nipples ; and that the uncovering more, or 

 or a larger extent of parts, ferves only to ftarve and expofe 

 the ewes in the moft tender and dehcate parts ; as, although i 

 they have been engaged among flieep the whole of their I 

 lives, they have never feen a Angle lamb die from the want 

 of its dara or mother being udder -locked, even thpugh flic 

 9 may 



