V E N 



V E N 



men to reduce to allegiance the province of Santa Marta. 

 Carthageiia was to contrTbute troops and guns ; but it was 

 prevailed upon to refufe the demanded fupply, under pre- 

 tence of Bolivar's ambitious views, and his fanguinary 

 career in Venezuela. Bolivar marched againll Carthagena ; 

 but intelligence having been received of the expedition from 

 Spain having reached this city, Bolivar gave up his plan, 

 quitted the army, and his troops united to thofe of Cartha- 

 gena to defend that city. The royalifts entered Carthagena 

 about four months after the fiege had begun ; but in the 

 mean while, Bolivar, who had gone to Jamaica, propofed 

 to aifift Carthagena by landing an expedition on her (hores. 

 The capture of Carthagena prevented the execution of his 

 plan, and he again turned his attention to Venezuela. Sti- 

 mulated by the hopes of once flattering profpefts, Bolivar 

 planned an expedition for affifting the efforts of the patriots 

 of Margaretta ; and joining Borion, an affluent native of 

 Curacoa, aflembled the emigrants from Venezuela, and part 

 of the garrifon which had evacuated Carthagena. Borion 

 was appointed commander of the maritime forces, which 

 were to be employed on this occafion. Sailing from Aux 

 Caves at the end of March, 1816, they landed in the be- 

 ginning of May at La Margarita. From Margarita Bo- 

 livar failed for Carapano, about five leagues welt of the 

 tovVn of Cumana, of which he difpoffefTed the royalifts ; 

 and having armed many of the corps of guerillas, who had 

 advanced to join him, they failed for Ocumara. When he 

 landed at Ocumara, he ilfued a proclamation, giving liberty 

 to the flaves. This proclamation, dated July 6th, 1816, 

 does honour to his judgment and feelings. " Your tyrants," 

 fays he, " fhall be dellroyed or expelled, and you fhall be 

 reftored to your rights, your country, and peace." — " No 

 Spaniard (hall be put to death, unlefs in battle. No Ame- 

 rican (hall fuffer the leall injury for having joined the king's 

 party, or for having committed a£ls of hoftility againll his 

 fellow-citizens." — " That unhappy portion of our brethren, 

 which has groaned under the miferies of flavery, is now fet 

 free. Nature, jullice, and policy, demand the emancipation 

 of the (laves : henceforward there fhall be only one clafs of 

 people in Venezuela — all (hall be citizens." 



Bolivar, who after tlie defeat at Ocumara had returned 

 to Aux Cayes, brought new reinforcements to Margarita, 

 where he landed in December, 18 16. There he publiftied 

 a proclamation, convoking the reprefentatives of Venezuela 

 to a general congrefs ; and went afterwards to Barcelona, 

 where he organized a provifional government. In this 

 place he repulfed the royaliils under Real and Morales, in 

 February or March, with great lofs. Although the pa- 

 triots loft the town of Barcelona on the 7th of April this 

 year ( 1817), and the royalift forces in Venezuela received 

 an addition of 1600 men from Spain in May laft, it is now 

 (Auguft) reported, that Bolivar has fucceeded in com- 

 pletely eftabUfhing the republic of Venezuela. — Travels in 

 South Amei-ica, by Depons, in 2 vols. 1807. Outline of 

 the Revolution in Spanifti America, by a South American, 

 1817. 

 Venezuela. See Coro. 



VENGAMBOOR, a town of Hindooftan, in Myfore ; 

 17 miles S.E. of Erroad. 



VENGAPALEAM, a town of Hindooftan, in My- 

 fore ; II miles N.N.W. of Daraporum. 



VENGOLINA, in Ornithology, an African bird, which 

 feems not to have been defcribed by any of the ornitholo- 

 gifts. According to the Hon. Daines Barrington's account, 

 it is of thejinch tribe, and about the fame fize with our aber- 

 davine, or fiilcin ; the colours are grey and white, and the 

 cock hath a bright yellow fpot upon the rump ; it is a very 



familiar bird, and fings better than any of thofe wliich are 

 not European, except the American mocking-bird. Phil. 

 Tranf. vol. Ixiii. part ii. p. 254. 



VENHUYSEN, in Geography, a town of Holland ; 4 

 miles S.W. of Enckhuyfen. 



VENIA, among our Ancient Writers, denotes a kneeling, 

 or low proilration, to the ground ; ufed by penitents. See 

 Genuflexion. 



Walfingham, p. 196. " Rege interim proftrato in longa 

 vcnia. Per venias, centum verrunt barbis pavimentum." 



VENIAL, a term in the Romiih Theology, applied to 

 flight (ins, and inch as eaiily obtain pardon. 



In contelfnig to the prieft, people are not obliged to ac- 

 cufe themfelvcs of all their venial fins. The thing that gives 

 the greateft embarrals to the Romifh cafuifts is, to diftinguifh 

 between venial and mortal fins. See Popery. 



The reformed rejedt this diftinttion of venial and mortal 

 fins ; and maintain, that all fins, how grievous foever, are 

 venial ; and all fins, how flight foever, may be mortal : and 

 the reafon they urge is, that all fins, though of their own 

 nature mortal, yet become venial, or pardonable, by virtue 

 of our Saviour's paffion, to all fuch as fulfil the condi- 

 tions on which it is offered in the Gbfpel. To which tlie 

 Romanills anfwer, that the chief of thefe conditions is 

 confellion. 



VENICE, in Geography, a city of Italy, and for a long 

 time the capital of a republic. This city makes a very 

 grand appearance at a diftance, as feeming, from its being 

 built on a multitude of iflands, to float on the fea ; or rather, 

 with its ftately buildings and fteeples, as it were, rifing out 

 of it. The number of thefe iflands is uncertain : fome 

 reckoning 60, others 72, and others again making them 

 amount to 138. The Laguna, or mar(hy lake, which lies 

 between the city and the continent, and is five Italian miles 

 in breadth, is too fhallow for large fhips ; but, by the 

 attention of the republic, was prevented from becoming part 

 of the continent, and from being ever frozen fo as to bear 

 an army. Towards the fea, the accefs to the city is alfo 

 difficult ; but the fafe and navigable parts are indicated by 

 piles ; which, at the approach of an enemy's fleet, can be 

 cut away. Befides, as a confiderable nuniiier of galleys and 

 men of war could be fitted out very expeditioufly for fea 

 from the docks, which contained vaft quantities of naval 

 (lores, the city was ftrong without fortifications. The fi(h, 

 caught even at the very doors of the houfes, might be re- 

 puted a good prefervative againtt famine. The return of 

 the fea is fometimes'later here than every fixth hour, and it 

 generally rifes between four and five feet, keeping the water 

 between the iflands of the city in continual motion. Some 

 of the canals being very narrow, the mud is not fo effedtually 

 carried off as to prevent ill fmells in hot weather. The 

 great caioal, which winds through the city, and divides it 

 into two parts, is 1300 paces long. The beft way of going 

 up and down the city is in gondolas, which, indeed, (Irike 

 the eye with a mournful appearance, being all lined either 

 with black cloth or ferge, or painted black. Over the fe- 

 veral canals are laid four hundred and fifty (fome fay up- 

 wards of five hundred) bridges, great and fmall, and the 

 better part of them ftone : the higheft and longed is the 

 Rialto. (See Bridge) The city may, indeed, every 

 where be traverfed on foot ; but the ftreets are very narrow, 

 and the free-ftone pavement very flippery in wet weather. 

 The many fmall bridges, with their fteps, are alfo not a little 

 troublefome. The whole city is faid to be fix Italian miles 

 in circumference ; and to make the tour of it in a gondola, 

 takes up fomewhat more than two hours. Venice contains 

 feventy panflt-churches, befides others, fifty-four convents 

 4Y 2 of 



