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edifices. Nero having fet fire to it, added to its former 

 grandeur ; Trajan alfo augmented it, as did alfo Aurelian, 

 who inclofed the Campus Martius ; and, finally, Conftantine 

 the Great enlarged it on the fide of the Viminal and Tiburtine 

 gates. Authors have differed as to the number of gates 

 which belonged to the city of Rome. Pliny, in his time, 

 reckoned twenty-four ; but Procopius ftates them at four- 

 teen, befides thofe lefs confiderable gates, which he calls 

 portuli. In order to reconcile thefe difcordant ftatemetits, 

 it has been faid that Rome had fourteen roval and principal 

 gates, which might be denominated imperial and military, 

 and to which all the military ways of Italy were direfted ; 

 and befides thefe it had, in Pliny's time, ten others of in- 

 ferior importance. The firft fourteen, with their ancient 

 and modern names, were the following, viz. P. Flamentana, 

 afterward Flaminia, now the gate of the people, or del 

 Popolo, from a church built near it by pope Pafcal II., 

 dedicated to the Virgin Mary, under the appellation of 

 Sta. Maria del Popolo : — Collatina, fo called becaufe it led 

 to a town of that name in the country of the Sabine?, not 

 far from Rome, fince Pinciana: — Jlgonenfis, bearing that 

 name from the Agonalia celebrated juft without it ; fince 

 Quirinalis, from a chapel facred to Romulus (Quirinus), 

 which flood near it ; alfo Collatina, or CoUina, from its 

 fituation at the junftion of the hills Quirinalis and Vimi- 

 nalis ; and laft of all, Salaria: — Viminalis, fo called on ac- 

 count of the ofiers that grew near it, and becaufe it was 

 fituated on the declivity of mount Viminalis ; called alfo 

 Nomentana, or Numentana, becaufe the road through it led 

 to Niimentum ; and now the gate of St. Agatha, or St. 

 Agnes : — Gahiofa, fo named from its leading to a road 

 called Gabina ; called by St. Gregory Metroni : — Efquilinci, 

 originally fo called from its fituation on mount Efquilme ; 

 Taurina, from the head of an ox engraved upon it ; Tibiir- 

 lina, from its leading to Tibur, now Tivoli ; Libilenjis, on 

 account of the dead bodies that ufed to be carried through 

 it to be interred in the Campus Efquilinus, the burying 

 place of the common people ; Labicana and Pmnejlina, be- 

 caufe tlie roads pafTing through it led to thefe places ; now, 

 as fome fay, the gate of St. Laurence, to whofe magnificent 

 church it leads ; but others afcribe the name of St. Laurence 

 to the Gahiofa, and fay this is the Porta major or greater 

 gate ; hence it is faid that this name, as well as that of 

 Sandi Crucis, or of the Holy Crojs, is applied to P. Nevia, 

 fo called, fays Varro, from the nemoriius or woods that 

 formerly ftood near it, or from an adjacent wood belonging 

 to one Nxvius ; and it is obferved that the Claudian aque- 

 duft runs clofe by it : — Calimontana, fo denominated from 

 its fituation on mount Cceluis ; fince ylftnaria, fo called 

 either from a road of that name to which it led, or from 

 gardens, called the Afinarian, fituated near it, or from 

 Afinius PoUio or Afinius Gallus, confuls under Auguftus, 

 who built or repaired it ; its oldefl name was Querquetulana, 

 under which name it is mentioned by Cicero ; now St. John's 

 gate, becaufe it leads to St. John Lateran : — Ferentina, a 

 name derived from Ferentinum, a place on the Latin way ; 

 fince Latina, from its leading to Latium, now the Cam- 

 pagna di Roma ; near it is now a chapel dedicated to St. 

 John the apojlle, from «hom the gate is at prefent called : — 

 Capena, fo called from Capua, an old city of Italy, the way 

 to which led through this gate ; fince Appiana, from its 

 leading to the Appian way ; or Triumphalis, from fome tri- 

 umphs in which the proceflion paffed through it ; it was 

 alfo, as fome fay, called Fontinalis, from the aquedufts 

 which were raifed over it ; now the gate of St. Sebajiian, 

 from a church dedicated to that faint, which (lands near 

 it ; — Triganiim, anciently fo named from the three Horatii, 



lo 



who Went out at this gate to fight the Curialii ; called AU) 

 Appia, from its being Hear the Appian aqueduft ; Fonlmalii, 

 from its being near a number of fprings ; and Ojlienfij, on 

 account of the road to Oftium, which began there ; now 

 the gate of St. Paul, from a noble church dedicated to that 

 apoftle, to which it It ads, without the walls : — Navalis, fo 

 called from its being near the river ; and Purtuenjis, from ilt 

 leading to the city of this name : — Janicuknf.s, named pro- 

 bably from a bridge of that name which led to this gate ; 

 fometimes called Trajana, as having been repaired by the 

 emperor Trajan ; and Aureliana, from the emperor Aurelian, 

 who either built or repaired it ; now St. Pancras's gate : — 

 Fontinalis, called alfo Septimiana, from tlie em.peror Sep- 

 timius Severus, who built it, and whofe baths are juft with- 

 out this gate; it was repaired by pope Alexander VI.: — 

 and Aurelia, near the gate of Adrian. The other ten gates 

 were of lefs importance ; they were called Portulx by Pro- 

 copius, but there is a confufion in their names, which are as 

 follow, compared with thofe of the other clafs : wz. Quer- 

 quetula, or Querquetulana, on mount Viminal : — Piacularis : — 

 Catularia : — Minutia : — Mugiona : — Sanqualis ; — Nnvia : — 

 Raudufcula, or Raiudufculana : — Lavernalis : — and Libitenfis. 

 Befides thefe twenty-four gates, there is yet one which 

 ferved for an entrance into the city of Rome, on the fide of 

 mount Vatican, and on this fide of the Tiber, not compre- 

 hended under thofe which we have already recounted. It is 

 the moft celebrated of all, and bore the name of P. trium- 

 phalis, afcribed by fome to Capena, already mentioned. 



Via, in Geography, a town of Perfia, in the province of 

 Segellan ; 15 miles S.E. of Ferah. 



Via Reggia, a fea-port town of the (late of Lucca, and 

 the only port of the republic ; 20 miles W. of Lucca. 



VIACHA, a town of Peru, in the dioccfe of La Paz ; 

 8 miles S.W. of La Paz. 



VI ACIENSES, or ViATlENSES, in Ancient Geography, a 

 people of Hifpania Citerior, comprehended under the gene- 

 ral name of Oretani. 



VI AD ANA, LoDOViCO, in Biography, the inventor of 

 the expedient of expreffing chords by figures in accom- 

 paniment or thorough-bafe, which the Italians call baffo 

 continuo, was born at Lodi, in the Milanefe, the latter end of 

 the fixteenth century. His firft preferment was that of 

 maeftro di cappella of the cathedral of Fano, and the 

 fecond that of Mantua. He was one of the moft diilin- 

 guifhed ecclefiaftical compofers of his time. The indication 

 of chords by figures in accompanying on keyed inftruments, 

 lutes, harps, and, in recitatives, even violoncellos, has been 

 doubted, as fevcral inftances of the minute beginnings of 

 this expedient have been obferved previous to the time of 

 Viadana ; but he was, doubtlcfs, the firll who drew up 

 general rules for expreffing harmony by figures over tJ.e 

 bafe in 1615. Draiidius, in an ample lift of his ecclefiaftical 

 compofitions, which were very numerous, tells us of one 

 that authenticates his claim to this invention, which was a 

 coUedlion of all his choral pieces, of one, two, three, and 

 four parts ; " with a continued and general bafe, adapted 

 to the organ according to a new invention, and ufeful for 

 every finger as well as organift ; to which are added (hort 

 rules and explanations for accompanying a general bafe, 

 according to the new method." Viadana was therefore 

 the firlt who compofed an organ bafe different from the 

 voice-part, in the execution cf which the new invented 

 figures enabled the performer to give the fingers the whole 

 harmony of the feveral parts of a full compofition, without 

 feeing the fcore. 



As the conftruftion of perpetual fugue, or canon, re- 

 quired more meditation and fcience than any other fpecies 



of 



