V I c 



VIC 



bite, or caft his rider ; the way of curing this is to ftrike 

 him on the head with a wand, as foon as he (hews the firll 

 attempt to it ; and, at the inftant of ftriking him, he is to 

 be checked with the bridle, and ftruck with the fpur on 

 the contrary fide : this will put him out of his pace, and he 

 is then to be flopped, that he may have leifure to underftand 

 the rider's meaning. Every time that he darts or winces, 

 which are fignals that he is going to bite, or to (Irike with 

 his heels, the fame is to be done, and he will, by degrees, 

 be broke of thefe habits. 



3. If a horfe is fubjeft to ducking down his head fre- 

 quently, the rider mull, every time he is guilty of it, check 

 him fuddenly with his bridle, and at the fame time ilrike 

 him with the ipurs, in order to make him fenfible of his 

 fault. If he be ilanding, he is thus to be made to bring his 

 head in the right place as he Hands ; and when he does fo, 

 lie is to be clieriflied, that he may underftand the rider's 

 meaning, which, in time, he will certainly do. 



4. If a horfe be llvittifh, and apt to ftart, fo that the 

 rider is never free from danger while on his back, the caufe 

 of the malady is firft to be carefully inquired into : if it be 

 found to proceed from a weak light, which reprcfcnts ob- 

 jefts to him other than they really are ; the method of 

 curing him is, every time he does it, to give him leifure to 

 view the things, and fee what they really are ; he muft have 

 time to view them well, and then be rid gently up to them. 

 If, on the contrary, his flcittilhnefs depends on his being 

 naturally fearful, and alarmed at every noife, he is to be 

 cured of it by the inuring of him to loud noifes of many 

 kinds, as firing of guns, drums, trumpets, and tlie like ; 

 and he will, in time, come to take delight in that of which 

 he was before afraid. 



5. If a horfe be reftive, and rcfufe to go forward, the 

 rider is to pull him backwards, and this will often occafion 

 his going forward : this is ufing his own fault as a means of 

 reclaiming him. The rider is firfl caulioufly to find whether 

 this vice proceeds from real fhibborniiefs, or from faintnefs : 

 if from the latter, there is no remedy but reft ; but if attual 

 ftubbornnefs be the fault, the whip and fpur, well employed, 

 and perfifted in, will at length be found a certain cure. 



6. If a horfe rear up an end ; that is, if he rifes fo high 

 before as to endanger his coming over the rider, the horfe- 

 man muft give him the bridle, and bear forwards with his 

 whole weight. As he is going down, he (hould have the fpur 

 given him very rouudly ; but this muft by no means be done 

 as he is rifing, for then it will make him rife higher, and 

 probably come over. 



7. If a horfe be fubjeft to lie down in the water, or upon 

 the ground, there is no better remedy than a pair of ftiarp 

 fpurs refolutcly applied. But there is fome caution to be 

 ufed in the application of them, for bad horfemcn generally 

 are the occafion of the faults in horfes, by correcting them 

 out of due time. 



The proper moment of fpurring is juft when he is going 

 to he down ; but when this has diverted him from the 

 thought of it, lie is not immediately to be fpurrcd again. 

 For the doing this frightens the creature, and puts him into 

 confufion to that degree, that he at length becomes reftive, 

 and thus one fault is only changed for another, and that per- 

 haps a worfe. 



8. If a horfe be apt to run away, very cautious means 

 muft be ufed to break him of it. The rider muft be gen- 

 tle, both with a (lack curb, and keeping an cafy bridle- 

 hand. He is firft to be \v.ilked without (lopping him ; but 

 only ftaying him, by degrees, with a Heady, not a violent 

 hand, and always chcrilliing him when he obeys : when he 

 is thus made very manageable in his walk, he is to be put to 



Vol. XXXVII. 



his trot, and finally to his gallop ; and from thefe he is to 

 be brought into a walk again, always by degrees, and ftay- 

 ing him with a fteady hand. By ufing this method from 

 time to time, with judgment and patience, it is probable he 

 may at length be cured. 



9. If a horfe is apt to fly out violently, it is certain, that 

 the more the bridle-rein is pulled, and the more he is hurt by 

 tugging the curb, the fafter he will run : the beft method is 

 therefore, if there be field-room enough, to lot him go, as 

 foon as he is going, by llackening the bridle, and giving him 

 the fpur continually and Iharply, till he flacken of his own 

 accord. Thus, by degrees, he will find that himfelf is the 

 fulFerer by all his flights, and he will then leave them off, 

 though he could be never broke of them any way elfe. 



10. Some horfes will not endure the fpurs when they are 

 given them, nor ever go forwards ; but faftening themfelves 

 to them, they will ftrike out and go back ; and if they are 

 pre(Ted more hard, they will fall to (laling without ever going 

 out of the place. If the horfe who has this vice be a geld- 

 ing, it will prove very difficult to cvire him of it. A ftone- 

 horfe, or mare, are much eafier cured ; but even thefe wiU 

 be trying at it again afterwards ; and if they ever get the 

 better ol" their rider, they will not fail to keep it up in this 

 particular. 



Every horfe, of whatever kind, that has this fault of 

 cleaving to the fpurs, as the jockeys call it, and not going 

 forwards with them, is to be rejefted, in the buying for any 

 gentleman's riding, for it is a fign of a reftive nature, and is 

 a fault generally accompanied with many others. 



VICESIMATIO, in Romtin Antiquity. See Decima- 

 tion. 



VICH, in Geography, a river of RufTia, which runs into 

 the Oby, N. lat. 61° 20'. E. long. 76° 14'. 



VICHEREY, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Vofges ; 9 miles E. of Neufchatcau. 



VICHNOU, or VisNE, in Mythology, a deity in the 

 Eall Indies, of whom the Brachmans have a tradition, that 

 he was metamorphofed into a tortoife ; and they explain 

 this fable by faying, that by the fall of a mountain the world 

 began to ftaggcr and to fink down gradually towards the 

 abyfs, where it would have periftied, if their beneficent god 

 had not transformed himfelf into a tortoife to bear it up. 

 See Vishnu. 



VICHY, in Geography, a town of France, in the depart- 

 ment of the AUicr, on the AUier ; near it are fome medi- 

 cinal fprings ; 3 miles S.W. of Cudet. 



VICIA, in Botany, the Vetch, an old Latin name, is by 

 fome etymologifts derived from vincio, to bind together, as 

 the various fpecies of this genus twine, with their tendrils, 

 round other plants. De Thcis traces this word to its Celtic 

 fynonym, Gwig, whence alfo, according to him, comes the 

 modern Greek name of the vetch, /Jixio* or /3v!xa — Linn. 

 Gen. 376. Schreb. 497. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 1093. Mart. 

 Mill. bid. v. 4. Sm. Fl. Brit. 768. Prodr. Fl. Gtxc. 

 Sibth. v. 2. 69. Ait. Hon. Kew. v. 4. 310. Pur(h 471. 

 .lufl". 360. Tourn. t.22l. Lamarck lUuftr. t. 634. Ccrtn. 

 t. 151. (Faba; Tourn. t.212.) — Clafs and order, Dia- 

 clelphia Deca:idria. Nat. Ord. Papilionacet, Linn. Lrgu- 

 mlnofx, .Iu(r. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, tubular, 

 crcA, cloven half way down into five acute fcgments ; the 

 upper ones ftiorteft, converging ; all of equal breadth. Cor. 

 papilionaceous. Staiidard oval, with n bror.d oblong claw ; 

 its fummitemarginate withafmall point ; the fides reflexed; 

 the back marked with a longitudinal, comprcflfcd, elevated 

 line. Wings two, oblong, erett, half-hcirlfhaped, fliortcr 

 than the ftand.ird, with oblong claws. Keel lliortcr than 



U the 



