V I o 



V I o 



Pliny is very exprcfs in this dilliiiftion, but is not fuffi- 

 cieiilly attended to in it ; and by this means is mifunderllood 

 in fome other parts of his works, where he alludes to this 

 flower in his defcriplion of the colour called by the Romans 

 eonchylius, or conchyliaceus color; ho fays that the deepell 

 degree of it was that of the flower of the viola ferot'ma. 

 The commentators on his work have generally explained 

 this into Iiis faying, that the deepeft colour ot this name 

 was a blue purple, like that of the violet ; but he only 

 means that it is of a deeper red than the colour of the mal- 

 low flower, and with a proportionate mixture of purple, as 

 there is in that flower. 



VIOLARIS Lapis, in Natural Hiftory, afoflile body, 

 called by the Germans violjlein, and by many authors lapis 

 odorc -violarum, from its having a fweet fmell when frelh 

 broken, which has been fuppoTed to refemble that of the 

 ▼iolet. 



The Germans have many ftones which have more or lefs 

 of a fweet fmcU when frefli broken, as they have many 

 which Itink very llrangaly ; the latter ot thefe they call all 

 by the common name of Jiuine-Jlone, and the former, all by 

 that of •uinkt-Jlone. The fubftance, however, which pofleffes 

 this quality in the highell degree of all others, and is, there- 

 fore, moll proper to be called diftuiftly by this name, is a 

 fpecies of talc, of the genus of the bradtearia, called by Dr. 

 Hill braScarium niveum lucidijftmum Iradeis tinduhitis, or the 

 fnow-white (hining bradlearium, with undulated fcales. 

 This is found in maflfes of an extremely rude and irregular 

 ftruclure, but very compaA and firm, ufually of a roundifh 

 or oblong figure : thefe are of various fizes, from an inch or 

 two, to a foot in diameter, and are compofed of almoft an 

 infinite number of thin, extremely beautiful, and fnow-white 

 plates, which are all broad, thin, and flaky, and of various 

 fizes, and perfectly irregular in Ihape and fignre, and are 

 naturally waved, bent, and curled: its fmell, when broken, 

 is not like that of any of tile known perfumes, but is a fort 

 of mixed one, refembling that of rofes and violets together : 

 it is vei"y heavy, and will neitliir give fire with Heel, nor 

 ferment with acid menllruunis. It is common on the fliores 

 of rivers in Italy, and in the mountains of Germany. Hill's 

 Hill, of Foflils. 



VIOLATION, the aft of violating, i.e. forcing a wo- 

 man, or committing a rape upon her. 



Amnon, David's fon, violated his filler, who was avenged 

 by Abfalom : Tereus violated his fi!ler-in-law Philomela. 

 To violate the queen, the king's eldell daughter, or the 

 princefs of Wales, is high-treafon. 



ViOLAxroN is alfo ufed, in a moral fenfe, for, a breach or 

 infringement of a law, ordinance, or the like. 



Thus, we fay a violation of the law of nature, of the 

 law of nations, of a treaty of peace, of one's oath, &c. 



Violation is alfo ufed for a profanation. In which 

 fenfe we fay, to violate a church, &c. 



VIOLENT, in the Schools, a thing done by force. In 

 which fenfe it Hands oppofed to fpontancous. 



A thing is faid to be violent, when affcfted by fome ex- 

 ternal princiiiL' ; the body that undergoes it contributing 

 nothing th.rcto, but ftruggling againll it. 



The body, in fuch cafe, is faid to ftruggle, becaufe 

 whatever is violent, difcompofes and dillraCts a thing from 

 its natural conftitution, and tends to dclhoy it. 



The fchoolmen all allow, that man, as being endued 

 with reafon, is capable of fiiffering fuch violence ; but brute 

 and inanimate bodies are not : in brulum. Sec. violentum non 

 cadet. 



Vioj.ENT Motion. See Motion. 



Violent Purging, or Cling, a difeafe in lliecp of the 



more inveterate bowel kind, which not unfrequently attacks 

 them in fome Ctuations. 



It is faid not to be peculiar to any foil, but appears moft 

 frequently, and fprt-ads moft rapidly, where the pafture is 

 of a foft gralFy nature. It is conllantly produced by im- 

 proper management, fuch as working among the flocks in- 

 confiderately in hot fultry Weather, and in crowded folds. 

 It is thought by fome to break out moll frequently in milk- 

 ing time, where that pradtice is carried on, when the flieep 

 lie, for fix or feven weeks in the later warm fummer months, 

 upon the fame fpot for fome time, during the morning and 

 evening at the bought or milking-place. Indeed, when flicep, 

 from wh.itever caufe, lie upon the fame fpot until the ground 

 turns foul, if the weather be foft, fultry, and warm, with 

 thunder, or Ihowers of that kind, this difeafe is much to 

 be apprehended, and is often very fprcading and fatal. 



The appearances of the difeafe are, that the Iheep afi"e6led 

 with it acquires a fickly look, the ears of it drop and hang 

 low down, the eyes are languid, and the wool claps to tlie 

 body of it. It continues for fome time to follow the flock, 

 but modly ftands in the fame pofition, looking to the 

 ground. It often lies down, but foon rifes up again, and 

 walks to a Ihort diflance, during which it commonly voids 

 fueces. The fljin is hot, dry, and fcaly, and the pulfe and 

 refpiration quick. It eats very little, and does not chew 

 the cud, but feems to have an unquenchable thirll. Tiiere 

 is frequent rumbling heard in the bowels, followed by the 

 difcharge of faeces, which are thinner than ordinary, having 

 little or no refemblance to the hard purl of healthy fliecp. 

 As the difeafe advances, the purging increafes, the difcharge 

 becomes thinner, is firft mixed with blood, then flime and 

 blood, and at lalt is black and fetid, accompanied clearly 

 with fevere gripes and flraining. After a wet fummer, the 

 difcharge is fometimes green, the grafs feeming to pafs with 

 little change of colour. In the mean time, the flieep rapidly 

 waftes away, and in a few days is reduced to a perfect ikt- 

 leton, with its belly drawn up to ils back; it feparates from 

 the flock, wanders about in an iinlteady manner, and hides 

 itfelf among fern, heath, or buflifs, when they are prefent. 

 Its eyes are fuffufed with red, its breathing becomes more 

 laborious, an unpleafant fmell exhales from every part of 

 its body, its fxces are abfolutely putrid, it is quite overcome 

 b)' the difeafe, and it continues ftraining and purging until 

 it expires. 



It is faid, in the third volume of the Traiifaftions of the 

 Highland Society of Scotland, to be diftinguilhed from the 

 ordinary diarrhoias and loofeneflfes in thefe animals, by their 

 chiefly attacking hogs, weak-gimmers and dinmonts, while 

 this difeafe is frequent among older flieep ; by their mollly 

 occurring in the fpring and ceafing in the fummer, when 

 this difeafe only commences ; by their having no fever, 

 ftraining, or pain before palling the iloolf, as is the cafe in 

 this difeafe ; by the faeces in them being loofe, but natural 

 in other refpefts, and without blood or llime, while in this 

 difeafe they confift of hard lumps occalionally palled, the 

 reft being blood and llime ; by there not being that degree 

 of fetor in the fxces in them, tliat takes place in this dif- 

 eafe ; by the appetite being rather lliarper than ufual in 

 them, while in this difeafe it is wholly gone ; by there 

 being nothing infeftious in lliem, while this difeale ir. often 

 greatly fo ; by there being only a temporary Hop put to the 

 thriving of the Iheep, which afterwards becomes rapidly 

 ftroiig and vigorous in them, while in this dileafc the animal 

 waftes fuddenly ; and by their having litllc danger in them 

 for the moft part, except where there is much debility, 

 while this difeafe is very commonly fatal. 



According to fome, if a flioop furvivcs thia difeafe for a 



fort- 



