U L O 



U L O 



autumn until the early part of the following fpring. See 

 Plantation and Planting. 



All thefe forts of trees, but efpecially the common 

 Englifh, Cornifh and Wych kinds and varieties, are highly 

 proper for different deriominafons of foreft and timber 

 plantations in mixture with other forts of trees, or as an 

 ulmarium, and in groups, ranges, hedge-rows, or clumps, 

 on the borders, fides, boundaries and corners of fields, large 

 parks, avenues, pleafure-grounds, or other out -grounds, as 

 growing freely, and forming large-fized valuable timber for a 

 number of ilrong ufes, fuch as moll kinds of vpheel-wright 

 work, pipes for condufting water under the ground, water- 

 pumps, and various other under-water and durable purpofes. 

 Alfo in garden plantations, thickets, and other ways, for 

 Tariety, diverfity, ornam.ent, fhade and Ihelter, near walks 

 and other places, to break and keep off the violence of 

 florms and tcmpeftuous blafts, letting them in all fuch cafes 

 afTume their own natural growth, only trimming away the 

 Ihong irregular lateral fhoots and low draggling branches 

 on the ftems and in the heads. They are likewife adm.irable 

 for training, by means of which beautiful lofty hedges, 

 quite clofe from the top to the bottom, from the height of 

 ten to more than forty feet, were formerly made and much 

 valued on the confines of gardens and in other places, for 

 fcreens and in other defigns. They were frequently too 

 trained as arches, porticoes, pilafters, galleries, and other 

 forms, producing mucli effeft in the ancient mode and ftyle 

 of ornamental gardening, but which at prefent is almoft 

 wholly exploded. The Englifh and Cornifh forts are here 

 by far the beft, in confequence of their more thick and 

 regularly branching growth, as well as their m.ore clofe 

 foliage. 



ULNA, in Anatomy, one of the bones of the fore-arm. 

 See Extremities. 



Ulna, FraP.ure and Luxation of the, in Surgery. See 

 Fracture and Luxation. 



Ulna, an ell in meafure. See Ell and Measure. 



Ulna Ferrca, denotes the ftandard iron ell, kept in the 

 Exchequer. 



ULNAGE. See Alnage; 

 • ULNAR Artery and Nerve, in Anatomy. See Artery 

 and Nerve. 



ULNARIS, a name given tofome mufclesof the fore -arm. 



L^lnaris Gracilis, the palmaris longus. See Palmaris 

 and Fascia. 



Ulnaris Extcrnus, '] ■.^ ■ . r 



Ulnaris Internus . ( N^-"" given to certam muf- 



Ulnaris, E.-ctenJhr Carpi, \ S,^" °^ "^^^ fore-arm. See 



Ulnaris Flexor Carpi, J *-- '^^i'^- 



ULOPHONUS, in Botany, h a name given by the 

 ancients to a poifor.ous plant, fince called the channcleon 

 thijlle, and even at that time known to Diofcorides, Galen, 

 and others, under the name of the black chamaleon thijlk. 

 See IxiAs. 



ULOTA, a new genus of MofTes, eftablifhed by the 

 late Dr. Mohr, of Kiel, in Sims and Konig's Annals of 

 Botany, v. 2. 540. t. 14. f. 3, 4 and 6, and named from 

 okAo?, curled, in allufion to the curling of the leaves by 

 drying. This character diftmguifhes the genus in queftion, 

 as to habit, from Orthotrichum ; fee that article. The 

 eflcntial generic difference between thefe two genera confifts 

 in the ftrufture of the Calyptra, or Veil. In Orthotrichum, 

 that part is marked with broad furrows, fcparated by nar- 

 i-ow ridges, which are cloven at the bottom : in Utola, the 

 veil is furnifhed with broad convex ridges, feparated bv 

 narrow furrows, which furrows are cloven, very deeply, at 

 the bottom. 



The author of this genus has wifely kept in view the 

 Linnajan maxim, genus dabit charaBerem, non character genus; 

 but the meaning of this maxim he has totally mifreprefented 

 in a note, Ann. of Bot. v. 2. 533, as follows. " In the 

 feries of natural beings the genera are altogether natural, 

 being as given by nature herfelf ; in the fyiiem they mud 

 be artificially determined, but when we (hall become true 

 obfervers, we (hall find means to make our genera natural 

 alfo." We prefume this note was written by Dr. Mohr, 

 and not by his editor. If it be correAly tranllated, we are 

 obliged to obferve that the author has explained away the 

 meaning of this great principle, on which the fcience of 

 generic diftinftion abfolutely depends. Linnjeus meant that 

 an idea of each genus is to be conceived in the mind, from 

 an enlarged contemplation of the natural habit, and predo- 

 minant technical charafters of the fruftification, all confi- 

 dered together, in a number of plants nearly related to each 

 other. As the natural genera thus prefent themfelves to 

 the mind of a learned obferver, he will then be able to feize 

 one or more eflential charafters of each, to difcriminate 

 them from each other. Genera thus eftablifhed are inde- 

 pendent of all fyftem, whether natural or artificial. This 

 is making the genus give the charaHer. If we make the cha- 

 ra3er give the genus, we might in many inftances found as 

 many genera as there are fpecies. Dr. Mohr has followed 

 the firll rule in the formation of his genus Ulota, of which 

 he fays he has, befides fpecies already known, about a dozen 

 exotic ones, moftly nondefcript ; all are characterized at firil 

 fight by their crifped foliage, and marked by the above cha- 

 radler in the calyptra. But when Dr. Mohr, in p. 541, 542, 

 of the fame volume, expreffes doubts of the propriety of 

 having recourfe to the form and ilrufture of the capfules 

 of mofles, in forming their generic charafters, " becaufe it 

 will oblige us to divide Polytrichum and other genera into 

 feveral new ones, and to make more fuch unnatural altera- 

 tions," he forgets that this would be to make the charader 

 give the genus, the very principle which is prohibited by 

 the Linnxan rule. It is on this rule that we find ourfelves 

 perpetually obliged to infill. Botanifts of the French fchool 

 feem, by a fort of fatality, unable to comprehend it, or at 

 leaft incompetent to follow it. Some have occafionally un- 

 dertaken to demonftrate its " abfolute falfehood ;" but they 

 were not fuch as could handle mathematical tools. No bo- 

 tanift can ellabhfh permanent genera, but by chance, with- 

 out making this rule his only guide. 



Dr. Mohr has not defined the fpecies of his Ulota, which 

 he fays are chiefly nondefcript. We are therefore unable to 

 give more than two or three examples of the genus. Its 

 clafs and order are Cryptogamia Mufci. Nat. Ord. Mujci. 



Eff. Ch. Capfule oblong. Outer fringe of fixteen teeth ; 

 inner variable, or wanting. Veil with convex ribs ; the in- 

 termediate furrows cloven at the bafe. 



\5. crijpa. Common Curhng-mofs. ( Orthotrichum crif- 

 pum ; Hedwi Crypt, v. 2. 96. t. 35. Sm. Fl. Brit. 1266. 

 Engl. Bot. t. 996. Turn. Mufc. Hib. 93. Bryum flria- 

 tum h ; Linn. Sp. PI. 1580. Polytrichum capillaceum 

 crifpum, calyptris acutis pilofilfimis ; Dill. Mufc. 433. 

 t. 55. f. 1 1. ) — Leaves linear ; revolute when dry. Capfule 

 cylindrical, furrowed. Veil hairy. — Native of various parts 

 of Europe, growing on the trunks of trees. Not unfre- 

 quent in Britain, flowering very early in the fpring, ripen- 

 ing fruit in April. The Jlems are branched from the bottom, 

 forming denfe leafy tufts. Leaves crowded, linear, acute, 

 entire, fingle-ribbed ; when dry roUed back in their whole 

 length, aod curled at the edges. Fruit-Jlalk rifing about 

 half its length above the leaves, twilled when dry, as is alfo 

 the bafe of the capfule, whofe whole length is marked with 



eight 



