U N D 



U N D 



.this rite was in danger of fuffering much in the ellcem of 

 the world, they began, in the tenth century, to fay tliat it 

 did good to the foul, even when the body was no better for 

 it ; and then they applied it to the feveral parts of the body, 

 after having originally applied it to the difeafed parts only. 

 Ifl this manner was the rite performed in the eleventh cen- 

 tury. In the twelfth, the prayers that had been made 

 before for the foul of the fick perfon, though only as a part 

 of the office (the pardon of fm being fuppofed to be pre- 

 paratory to their recovery) came to be confidered as the 

 mod edential part of it. After this the fchoolmen brought 

 it into fhape, and then it was decreed to be a facrament by 

 pope Eugenius ; and it was finally eilablilhed at the coun- 

 cil of Trent. Burnet on the Articles, p. 268. See Ex- 

 TREAM Unaion. 



UNCTORES, among the Romans, fervants whofe em- 

 ployment it was to anoint their mailer when he bathed. 



UNCTUARIUM, a room in the ancient baths, where 

 people were anointed before they went away. 



UNCUS, among the Romans, an inllrumcnt ufed in tor- 

 turing criminals. It was a kind of club, bent and inclined 

 to one fide. 



UNCUTH, Uninotun, is ufed in the ancient Saxon laws, 

 for him that comes to an inn, gueft-wife, and lies there 

 but one night. In which cafe, his holl was not bound to 

 anfwer for any offence he committed, of which he was 

 guiltlefs himfelf. 



" Prima nocle poteft dici uncuth ; fecunda vero, gueft ; 

 tertia nofte hogenhine." Brafton, hb. iii. See Third 

 night aivn hynd. 



UND ALUS, in Ancient Geography, a town, according to 

 Strabo, of Gallia Narbonnenfis, at the place where the 

 river Selgi (Sorgue) difcharges itfelf into the Rhone. 

 Livy calls it Vindalium, which probably is the true name, 

 and Undalus a corruption. 



UNDE, Undee, or UnJy, in Heraldry. See Waved. 



Unde nihil habet, in Law, a writ of dower. See DoTE 

 iinde nihil habet. 



UNDEARCORE, in Geography, a town of Hindooitan, 

 in the circar of Ruttunpour ; 40 miles S.W. of Ruttun- 

 ■pour. 



UNDECAGON, is a regular polygon of eleven fides. 



UNDECIMVIR, a magiftrate among the ancient 

 Athenians, who had ten other colleagues, or affociates, 

 joined with him in the fame commiffion. 



The funftions of the undecimviri at Athens were much 

 the fame as thofe of the prevots de marechauffe in France. 

 They took care of the apprehending of criminals ; fecured 

 them in the hands of jullice ; and when they were condemned, 

 took them again into cuftody, that the fentcnce might be 

 executed on them. 



They were chofen by the tribes, each tribe naming its 

 own ; and as the number of tribes, after Callilthenes, was 

 but ten, which made ten members, a fcribe or notary was 

 added, which made the number eleven. — Whence their 

 name, ci viliy.-x, or undecimviri, as Cornelius Nepos calls them 

 in the life of Phocion. In Julius Pollux they are denomi- 

 nated IVX^X.°'> ^"d vOfiOfuXaxEC. See NOMOPHYLACES. 



UNDENAS, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in Weft 

 Gothland ; 81 miles E.N.E. of Uddevalla. 



UNDER the Sea, in the Sea Language. A Ihip is faid to 

 be fo, when (he lies ftill, or waits for fome other (hips, with 

 her helm lafhed, or tied up a-lee. See Lying under the Sea. 



UNDER-CHAMBERLAINS, or DtputyChamber- 

 laini of the Exchequer, officers there, who cleave the tallies, 

 and read the fame ; fo that the clerk of the pell, and the 

 comptrollers of it, may fee tliat the entries arc true. 



I 



They alio make fearches for all records in the treafury, 

 and have the cuftody of Domefday-book. 



UNDER-CURRENT. See i7n^^r-CuRRENTs. 



UNDERDENGARDE, in Geography, a town of Hin- 

 dooftan, in Coimbetore ; 40 miles AV. of Ardenelli. 



UNDER-DITCHING, in Agriculture, a term applied 

 in fome diftrifts, as that of the county of Eftex, to fuch 

 ditches as are formed for the purpofe of taking away the 

 furface wetnefs of land. In fome places it is called land- 

 ditching by the farmers. It is laid to be one of the moft 

 beneficial and permanent modes of improving land that is 

 not commonly known. It is much praftifed in different 

 parts of the above county, and with perfeft fuccefs, there 

 being no fort of hufbandry from which the land derives 

 greater advantage. So that it is not unufual for the farmer 

 to extend the praftice over almoft the whole of his land, in 

 this diftriift. Where this practice is intended, it is firft to 

 be confidered, whether the foil be fufficiently open and 

 porous for receiving a benefit adequate to the expence of 

 performing it, as in very ftrong land this fort of ditching is 

 not found to anfwer. However, in caies where the wetnefs 

 can fink in a ready manner to eighteen or twenty inches in 

 the land, the farmer may fafely draw a furrow from the 

 higheft to the loweft part of the field, then dig out a fpit of 

 earth below, and again with a tool three inches wide, con- 

 trived for the purpofe, work fourteen or fifteen inches 

 deeper, and with the bent fcraper, for this ufe, take out all 

 the loofe earth at the bottom ; thus making a narrow 

 channel along the centre of the furrow, leaving fufficient 

 fupport on each fide to keep up the materials ufed in filling, 

 and prevent the replaced earth from faUing into the narrow 

 opening left for taking off the wetnefs. This fort of ditch- 

 ing is done at different diftances and depths, as there may be 

 a neceffity for them, and as the nature of the foil through 

 which the wetnefs has to pafs into them may be, making 

 them fo as to empty themfelves into deep ditches at the 

 bottoms of the fields ; or where the fields are large, forming 

 one or more leading ditches fufficiently large to receive the 

 wetnefs from feveral of the fmaller ones, which are fo con- 

 trived as to fall into them. In order to make thefe ditches 

 of the moft permanent ufe, they (hould be cut perfeftly 

 ftraight, and the paffage for the wetnefs be made of an 

 equal depth throughout, otherwife it will be flopped in the 

 loweft parts, and occafion the fides to fall in and choak up 

 the ditch. In cafe the foil be adapted to it, this fort of 

 work will laft twenty years, but where there are fquails, 

 with fand or drift gravel, the paffages are liable to choak in 

 a fhort time. The ploughs, carts, waggons, and other car- 

 riages, go over thefe ditches without injuring them in the 

 leaft ; and in park grounds, and old paftures, it is not un- 

 common merely to turn the fod over the water-channel, 

 without ufing any other materials ; and the ditches are feen 

 to work, or dra-u;, as it is termed, as well after running 

 thirty years, as they did at firft. The improved appear- 

 ance and better ftate of the land are particularly evi- 

 dent after this method of ditching has been had recourfe 

 to, and fufficiently prove its utility and importance in 

 different cafes. The praftice is more fully explained in 

 the fecond volume of the Effex Report on Agriculture. 

 See this work, and SuKFACE-Z)ra(n. See alfo Surface- 

 Draining. 



UNDER-DRAIN and Draining, terms fometimes 

 employed to fignify that fort of drain, or opening and drain- 

 ing, which is cut and made to fome confiderable depth in 

 the earth or foil, and calculated to convey and carry off in- 

 ternal water and wetnefs, or that proceeding from fprings, 

 in' contradiftiudion to that of furface-drain and draining. 



See 



