U N 1 



brought before the public tribunal, the ultimate decifion of 

 which is generally- ju(t and found. See alfo Monthly Re- 

 Tiew, vol. Ixxviii. p. 277. The Oxford and Cambridge 

 Univerfity Calendars, for 1 816 and 1817. Chalmers's 

 Account of the Colleges and Halls of Oxford, 2 vols. 8vo. 

 Dyer's Hiftory of the Univerfity and Colleges of Cam- 

 bridge, 2 vols. 8vo. 



The chief foreign univerfities are thofe of Abo, in Fin- 

 land, frequented by ftudents from Ruffia, and, in number, 

 equalhiig that of Upfal ; of Auftria, at Vienna, founded in 

 1237, and improved fince 1752 ; at Prague, founded in 

 1347 ; at Infpruck, dated from 1677 ; and at Gratz, from 

 IJ85 ; of Benares, in Hindooftan ; of Buda, in Hungary ; 

 and of Calcutta, eftablifhed by the marquis of WcUedey, the 

 plan of which is extenfive and liberal. Befides Hindoo, 

 Mahomedan, and Englilh law, and the local regulations, it 

 was defigned to have profeffors of civil jurifprudence, poli- 

 tical economy, geography, hiftory, &c. The languages to 

 be tauglit were Arabic, Perfian, Sanfcrit, Hindooftannee, 

 Bengal, Telinga, Maratta, Tamula, and Canara. But this in- 

 Ititution has declined. We may mention alfo the univerfities of 

 Coimbra in Portugal, of Copenhagen, of Debritzin, and of 

 Erlau. France formerly boafted of twenty-one univerfities ; 

 •viz. in the North Douay, Caen, Paris, Rheims, Nancy, Straf- 

 burgh ; in the middle provinces, Nantes, Angers, Poitiers, 

 Orleans, Bourges, Dijon, Befan^on ; and in tlie fouth, Bour- 

 deaux, Pau, Perpignan, Touloufe, MontpeUier, Aix, 

 Orange, and Valence. Of thefe, the Snrbonne of Paris 

 was the moft celebrated, though fomewliat degraded by its 

 tendency to prolong the reign of fcholaftic theology. The 

 univerfity of Georgia, in America, founded at Louifville 

 in 1 80 1, though Dr. Morfe fays it had its charter in 1785, 

 and poiFefling funds to the amount of 50,000 acres of land. 

 The univerfity of Gottingen, in Hanover, was founded by 

 George H. in 1734, folemnly opened in 1737, and has ac- 

 quired confiderable celebrity. Harward univerfity, in Cam- 

 bridge, MafTachufetts, founded in 1638, is the moft an- 

 cient literary eftabliftiment in North America. The uni- 

 verfities of Holland are thofe of Leyden, formerly much 

 celebrated and frequented, but fomewhat declined, on ac- 

 count of certain commercial regulations ; of Utrecht, of 

 Harderwyck, of Franche, and Groningen. Ingolftadt 

 has an univerfity, and fo has Kiel, in Denmark. The uni- 

 verfity of 6t. Mark, in Lima, was founded in 1576, and 

 is condufted on the plan of the Spanifli univerfities. The 

 univerfity of I^unden, in Sweden, accommodates r.bout 

 300 ftudents. The univerfities of Hefle, in Germany, are 

 thofe of Marburg and Rindcln, and that of Gicflien, belong- 

 ing to HelTe-Darmlladt. In Mexico an univerfity was 

 founded in 1551, and it is llyled royal and pontifical; 

 and the cloifter is compofed of 251 doftors, of all forts of 

 faculties. Its library was coUefted about forty years ago, 

 and confifts of many old books of divinity, but few modern 

 publications. The univerfities of the Netherlands were 

 formerly numerous, confidering the extent of the country. 

 Exclufive of Tournay (Dornick), which has been longfub- 

 jeft to the French, there were others at Douay and St. 

 Omer, much frequented by the Englifh Catholics ; and one 

 of ftill greater celebrity at Louvain, founded in 1425. Their 

 jlluftrious profeftbrs, though celebrated by Guicciardini, 

 nephew of the great hiftorian, have been long fince forgot- 

 ten. The univerfities of Parma and Placcntia need only be 

 mentioned. The univerfity of Pavia is in high reputation, 

 and is regarded as the firft in Italy. Its profeffors have dif- 

 tinguifticd themfelves in natural hiftory. The univerfity of 

 Pcnnfylvania was founded at Philadelphia during the war, 



Vol.. XXXVII. 



UNI 



and having been fince united with the college, is become a 

 refpedable feat of learning. Roftock, in the duchy of 

 Mecklenburg, has an univerfity. In Portugal, befides the 

 univerfity of Coimbra ah-eady mentioned, there is that of 

 Evora, founded in 1553. Pruffia has feveral univerfities, 

 that of Frankfort on the Oder, founded in 15 16, and that of 

 Konigfberg, in 1544. Of tlie Polifti univerfities, Cracow, 

 founded in 1 364, has fallen to Auftria ; and Wihia, founded 

 in 1570, to Rulfia. Pofna or Pofen has become fubjed to 

 Pruffia. The univerfity of Peterft)urgh was founded by the 

 late emprefs Catharine II. The univerfities of Spain are 

 computed at upwards of 20 ; but the moft noted is that of 

 Salamanca, founded in 1200. The univerfities of Sweden 

 are thofe of Upfal, Lunden, and Abo. The univerfity of 

 Tubingen on the Neckar was founded in 1477 ; that of 

 Turin was founded in 140J ; that of Vienna has been already 

 mentioned. In the province of Yemen, in Arabia, there 

 are two univerfities or celebrated academies, one at Zebid, 

 for the Sunnis, and another at Damar, for the Zeidites. 



University Courts. See Unlverftty Court, and Uw- 

 VERSITY, fupra. 



UNIUM, the Odiel, in ylncUnt Geography, a river of 

 Hifpania.in BcEtica, which united with the Luxia. 



UNIVOCAL, in the Schools, is applied to two or more 

 names, or terms, that have but one fignification : in oppofi- 

 tion to equivocal, which is, where one term has two or more 

 fignifications. 



Or, univocal terms are fuch whofe name, as well as nature, 

 is the fame ; in oppofition to equivocals, whofe names are the 

 fame, but their natures very difi'erent. 



For a thing to be predicated univocally of any others, it 

 is to be attributed to all of them alike, and in the fame pro- 

 per fenfe. See Predicate and Predicable. 



Univocal Generation. The doArine of the ancients, 

 with refpedl to propagation, was, that all pcrfett animals 

 were produced by univocal generation, that is, by the fole 

 union, or copulation, of a male and female of the fame fpe- 

 cies, or denomination ; and that infefts were produced by 

 equivocal generation, without any feed, and merely of the 

 corruption of the earth exalted, and, as it were, impregnated 

 by the fun's rays ; but this is wholly erroneous. 



Some philofophers make a kind of intermediate genera- 

 tion between equivocal and univocal, which they call ana- 

 logous generation. See Generation. 



Univocal jlaion. See Action. 



Univocal Caufe. See Cause. 



UNIVOCALS, called by the Greeks fynonyma, are 

 defined by Ariftotlc to be thofe things whofe name is 

 common, and alfo the reafon correfpondmg to the name ; 

 that is, the definition of the idea affixed to it the fame. 



Thus, under the name and definition of animal, man and 

 brute are equally included ; and circle and fquare, in the 

 reafon or definition of z figure. 



Here, the word, ■!& figure, they ufo to call univocum uni- 

 vocans, or univocating univocal ; and the tilings included un- 

 der the univocal name, as circle and fquare, univoca univo- 

 cala, univocated anivocals. 



UNIVOCATION, in Logic and Metaphyfies. The 

 fchoolmen have long difputed about the univocation of 

 being, i. e. whether the general idea of being agree in the 

 fame manner, and in the fame fenfe, to tlie lubftance, and 

 the accident, to God and the creature ? 



UNIVOQUE, Fr., in Mi^ic. Univocal concords arc 

 the oftave, and its recurrences or repetitions above or be- 

 low, as they never change their name or c(Tc6t. Ptolemy 

 was the iirft who gave ihcm this appellation. 



3 H UNKA, 



