VOL 



V (J L 



enfolds the wbule fungus, in an early ftate of growth. In 

 the genua Phallus it refembles a hen's egg ; and is nearly 

 jimilar in the Agaricus -volvaceus, Sowerby's Fungi, t. I. 

 In the itarry and vaulted Puff-balls this part is of a leathery- 

 texture when dry, more brittle when frelh. (See Geas- 

 TRUM. ) In the Lycoperdon phalloides of Smith's SpicUegium, 

 Sowerb. Fung. t. 390, now made a diftinft genus, called 

 Batarrea, by Perfoon, the outer Vol-va, which remains in 

 the ground, is filamentous. 



VoLVA is alfo a word ufed by Scribonius Largus, and 

 fome other authors, to exprefs the central part, or, as we 

 call it, the core of the apple, in which the feeds are placed. 

 He prefcribes this in weakneffes of the ftomach, and retch- 

 ings to vomit. 



VOLUBILE, or VoLUBILATE Stem or Stall, in Gar- 

 dening, a name given to thofe of many plants, as all thofe the 

 Hems or ftalks of which are of a twining or winding climb- 

 ing nature. They are commonly fuch as climb or afcend in 

 a fpiral manner round the ftems, llalks, or branches of other 

 plants, which happen to be fituate near to them, round 

 thofe of one another, or round flicks or flalks fet for the 

 purpofe; and any thing of a fimilar kind that they may meet 

 with in the courfe of their extending growth. The honey- 

 fiickle, the hop, the running kinds of kidney beans, and 

 many other plants, are of this defcription. 



The items or ftalks of this fort, in different kinds of 

 plants, wind round or twifl about others, or other fub- 

 flances, in different diredions, either to the right or the 

 left, according to the apparent diurnal motion of the earth 

 in refpedl to the fun. The honey-fuckle and the hop among 

 garden plants turnmg to the left, while the different kinds 

 of twining kidney beans turn to the right. 



In garden culture, all thofe kinds of plants (hould be con- 

 llantly fuffered to take their own natural direSions, and 

 not be in any way thwarted in their modes of growth, as 

 they never fucceed well where that is the cafe, or afford 

 fo good a produce. And their fupports, of whatever na- 

 ture they may be, fhould always be fully adequate, and be 

 well and firmly fet into the ground, that they may not be in 

 danger of giving way while the plants are rifmg upon them. 

 It will feldom be necfefTary to flop the plants from running 

 too high, but this may be occafionally of ufe in preventing 

 their running up too weak. 



VOLUBILES, or VoLUBiLis, in Anciait Geography, a 

 /town of Africa, in Mauritania Tingitana, upon the route, 

 according to Anton. Itin. from Tocologida to Tingis, be- 

 tween Tocologida and Aqua Dacica ; it was a Roman co- 

 lony. Pliny calls it Volubile Oppidum, and gives an erro- 

 neous account of it. Hardouin differs from other geogra- 

 phers, who confider Fez as the ancient Volubihs, without 

 fufficieiit reafon. See Fez. 



VOLUBILIS Cauli.s, in Botany and Vegetable Phyfio- 

 logy, a Twining Stem, (fee Caulis and Stem,) is one which 

 fupportf itfclf on other plants, independent of tendrils, by 

 atfuming a fpiral direftion, and embracing every thing that 

 comes in its way. Each fpecies of twining plant has its 

 appropriate dircdlion, in fome to the right, in others to the 

 left, nor can that direftion be counteracted, or impeded, by 

 any mechanical force. Many tendrils, on the contrary, 

 make a greatt-r number of convolutions in one direftion, 

 than in anotlier, the better to enfure a fupport for the plant 

 that is furnifhed with them. 



VOLUCE, or Voluca, in jinctent Geography, a town 

 of Hifpania Citerior, E. of Clunia and S.W. of Nu- 

 ;nacc. 



VOLVENS OcuLi, in Anettomy, a name given by Spi- 



gelius and fome otliers, to one of ihc mufclcs ci llic eye, 

 called by Cowpcr and Albinus, obliquus inferior. 



VOLUERA, in Geography, a town of France, in the 

 department of the Po ; 7 miles S.W. of Trino. 



VOLVIC, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Puy de Dome ; 3 miles S.W. of Riom. 



VOLVICARA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra ; 

 9 miles E.S.E. of Scalea. 



VOLUME, Volumes, a book, or writing, of a fit 

 bulk to be bound by itfelf. 



The word has its rife a volvenJo, rolling, or nvinding; the 

 ancient way of making up books being in rolls of bark, or 

 parchment. 



This manner lafled till Cicero's time, and long after 

 paper was invented, and books written upon it. The feve- 

 ral fheets were glued, or palled, end to end, written only 

 on one fide ; and at the bottom a (lick was fattened, called 

 umbilicus ; and at the other end a piece of parchment, on 

 which was the title of the book in letters of gold. And 

 yet, v/e are affured, king Attalus, or rather Eumenes, had, 

 long before, done up fome of his books in the fquare form ; 

 as having found the fecret of parchment, which would bear 

 writing on both fides. 



The library of Ptolemy, king of Egypt, contained, ac- 

 cording to Aulus Gellius, 300,000 volumes ; and, accord- 

 ing to SabeUicus, 700,000. 



Raymund LuUy wrote about 4000 volumes ; of which 

 we have divers catalogues extant. It is held, that Trifme- 

 giflus wrote 6525 volumes; others fay, 36,529: but it is 

 much more rational to fuppofe, with La Croix, thai it was 

 the cuftom with the Egyptians to put all the books they 

 compofed under the name of Trifmegijlus. 



At prefent, volume is chiefly ufed in tJie fame fenfe with 

 tome, for a part, or divifion, of .\ work, bound feparately. 

 In this fenfe we fay, " The Councils are printed at the 

 Louvre, in thirty-feven volumes." SeeToMl). 



Volume uf a Body is alfo ufed among foreign philofo- 

 phers, for its bulk, or the fpace inclofed within its fuper- 

 ticies. 



VoLUMF. de Foi*, in Frencli Mufu, is the compafs or 

 extent of a voice from its lowcft, or moll grave found, to 

 the mofl acute. According to Rouffeau, the common com- 

 pafs of voices is only eight or nine notes. There have been 

 voices that have extended to two oftaves of real voice, voce 

 di petto; and Agujari, with the addition of two or three 

 notes in falfet, had a compafs of three oftaves. 



There is another expreffive acceptation of the word volume 

 in fpeaking of a great voice : as it was juftly faid of Man- 

 zoh's vocal organ, that it was a volume of voice. 



VOLUMUS, in Laiu, the firft word of a claufe in one 

 fpecies of the king's writs of proteftion, and letters patent. 



VOLUNT, Voluntas, is when a tenant holds lands, 

 Sec. at the will of the lefl'or, or lord of the manor. 



VOLUNTARY, in the Schools. The generality of phi- 

 lofophers ufe voluntary in the fame fenfe virith fpontaneous ; 

 and apply it to any thing arifing from an internal principle, 

 attended with a due knowledge of it. 



Arillotle, and his followers, reflrain the term volunt.iry 

 to thofe aftions that proceed from an inward principle, 

 which knows all the tircuniflanccs of the aftion. 



There are two things, therefore, required to the voluM- 

 tarinefs of an adtion : the firll, that il proceeds from an 

 inward principle ; thus, walking for ploafure-fakc, is a vo- 

 luntary aftion ; as arifing from the will commanding, and 

 the moving faculty obeying, which arc both internal. On 



the 



