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* Upella Chanderaghery, a town of Hindooftan, in Gol- 

 conda ; 1 6 miles N. of Warangole. 



UPEND R A, a name of the Hindoo deity Vidinu. { See 

 Vishnu.) It has been fuppofed to imply inferiority to 

 Endra, or Indra, the regent of the firmament. See 

 Indra. 



UPHA, in Geography, a town of Ruffia, and capital of 

 a government, on the Bielaia ; 452 miles W.S.W. of To- 

 bollk. N. lat. 54^ 35'. E. long. 56° 2'.— Alfo, a river of 

 Ruflia, which runs into the Bielaia, at Upha. 



UPHIMSKOI, a government of Ruffia, of a triangular 

 form, bounded on the north by the governments of Pprm 

 and Viatka ; on the weft by the governments of Caucafus, 

 Saratov, Simbirdc, and Kazan, the part immediately fouth 

 by the Cafpian fea, and the part immediately eaft by the 

 government of Tobolflc ; to the north it extends from eaft 

 to weft about 440 miles, and to the fouth from eaft to weft 

 only 64 ; weftward from north to fouth it meafures about 

 520, eaftward only 160. In this government is a famous 

 mine of fait, fituatcd near the river Ilek. The fait of this 

 pit is moft beautiful, and of the beft quality. It is taken 

 from a kind of rock about four verfts from the river. The 

 length of the rock is 800 fathoms, and the breadth about 

 500. It is fo folid, that it has not yet been poffible to found 

 it. With a miner's wimble, however, they have penetrated 

 to the depth of 27 fathoms ; but time and inftruments have 

 not afcertained a complete knowledge of the depth of this 

 mafs. From 1784 till 1787, more than 30,000,000 pounds 

 of fait were taken from this rock, and tranfported into dif- 

 ferent parts of the empire, by the Volga, the Bielaia, and 

 the Kama. This fait is fold in the country at 25 or 30 co- 

 pecks the pood, which is about a halfpenny the Englifh 

 pound. It is calculated that this pit may yet furnilh fait 

 for near two centuries, fuppofing the depth to be no greater 

 than it is already known to be. In order to render the 

 working more produftive, and lefs expenfive, the govern- 

 ment has lately made an agreement with fome Coffacks, who 

 are to dig 50,000 poods a year, and tranfport them to the 

 magazines of Orenburg. There are in the neighbourhood of 

 this pit fome very deep lakes of fait water, to which great 

 virtue is alTigned by the Kirghis, and in which they bathe of 

 their own accord, when ainifted with the leail difeafe. 

 Their phyficians, who have had an opportunity of judging 

 of thefe baths, all agree, that they are good for all pedi- 

 cular difeafes. There is one aftoniftiing circumftance at- 

 tending thefe waters, namely, that their furface is as cold 

 as ice, while the deeper you plunge, the warmer you be- 

 come ; at the bottom it is faid no perfon can ftay more than 

 two or three feconds. N. lat. 47'^ to 56^. E. long. 50° 

 to 64°. 



UPHOLDER is ufed in the fame fenfe with under- 

 tzjcer, as the denomination of a tradefman who provides for 

 funerals. 



Upholder, or Upholjlerer, denotes alfo a perfon who 

 furniflies houfes, fitting up apartments with beds, and other 

 furniture. See Appraiser and Bed. 



UPIERCWIZA, in Geography, a town of Lithuania; 

 33 miles E. of Minlk. 



UPINGE, a kind of fong confecrated to Diana by the 

 Greeks. Rouileau. 



UPINISHAD, or Upanishad, in Hindoo Literature, 

 is the title of a portion of their fcripture comprifed in the 

 Veda. Each Veda contains feveral portions, bearing this 

 comnwin denomination. On thefe Upaniftiads the whole of 

 the Indian theology, efpecially the Vedanta theory, is pro- 

 feftedly founded. See Veda and Vedanta. 

 , The proper meaning gf the word Upanifhad, according 



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to Mr. Colebrooke (Af. Ref. vol. viii. art. 8.), is " divine 

 fcience, or the knowledge of God ; and it is equally appli- 

 cable to theology itfelf, and to a book in which this fcience 

 is taught. The fenfe properly deducible from its etymology 

 invariably points to the knowledge of the dirine perfeftions, 

 and to the confequent attainment of beatitude, through ex- 

 emption from pafflons." 



The word, by fome writers, has been thought to mean 

 fomtthing hidden or myfterious ; but Mr. Colebrooke fays, 

 that " neither the etymology nor acceptation of the word 

 has any direft conneftion with the idea of fecrecy, conceal- 

 ment, or myftery." (lb.) It feems rather indeed to mean 

 revelation. In the curious article above referred to, a lift of 

 the Upanifhads is given ; with mucli important and intereft- 

 ing information refpefting them, and the extraordinary vo- 

 lumes through which they are interfperfed. An extraft 

 from it is given under our article Mirair. 



UPLAND, in Geography, a province of Sweden, 

 bounded on the north by the gulf of Bothnia, on the eaft 

 by the Baltic, on the fouth by the Maslar lake, and on the 

 weft by Weftmanland ; about 75 miles in length from north 

 to fouth, and where wideft, 55 from eaft to weft. It is 

 fertile in corn, and the lakes and rivers abound in filh. 

 Some of the beft iron-mines of Sweden are found in this 

 province. Stockholm is fituated in Upland. 



Upland, or Upland Pajfures, in Agriculture, all fuch 

 land and paftures as are fituated in a high elevation, or 

 which are much expofed in confequence of the height to 

 which they are raifed above the other furrounding grounds. 

 Such land and paftures are moftly found particularly ufeful in 

 fome forts of hulbandry and farming, as thofc of the fheep 

 kind, as they are commonly hard, firm, and dry, during 

 the winter and more wet feafons of the year, when tliis fort 

 of ftock is moft in danger in many fituations. 



In the northern parts of the ifland, the extenfive highland 

 trafts of thefe lands and paftures are for the moft part con- 

 verted to the purpofe of (heep-walks ; in which management 

 they are fuppofed by many to be by far the moft advan- 

 tageous. But fome have lately fuggefted that black cattle 

 and planting may be combined with thefe, fo as to afford a 

 ftill greater benefit. The Rev. Mr. Singers, in an able 

 effay in the third volume of the Tranfaftions of the High- 

 land Society of Scotland, has remarked on the upland and 

 pafture (heep-farming of that diftrift, that " it has not yet 

 been clearly afcertained what effedls the introduftion of 

 fheep hufbandry into the Highlands has really produced, or 

 how far that mode of farming ought to be carried," or is 

 proper ; neither has it been accurately determined, it is faid 

 what forts of fheep are adapted tothe refpeAive fheep-walks 

 in that extenfive traft of upland and pafture. It is a point, 

 too, fbll undecided, how far fheep and black cattle are con- 

 fiftent as joint or feparate ftocks, on the fame upland farm ; 

 and which of them is entitled to the preference, to a certain 

 extent ; or whether the proper extent can be pointed out. 

 Doubts alfo are entertained in refpeft to foreft trees, how 

 far it is proper to attend to the rearing of them, on farms 

 producing fheep as the ftaple article ; and that a fimilar 

 queftion has been put, whether it is profitable to cultivate 

 any part of the foil, when flocks of fheep are fed in the 

 neighbourhood, and under the difadvantages of a chmate 

 very moifl and uncertain ? 



It is fuppofed that thefe points lie at the foundation of 

 the profperity of the upland or Highland tracl;3 of the 

 country ; and that, of courfe, they are clofely connefted 

 with the general profperity of the Britifh empire : it will 

 confequently be admitted, that every thing is of importance 

 which may tend to throw a ray of light upon any one of 



them. 



