U R B 



derate fize, and rounded at the end ; the colour of the body- 

 is brown, with a whitifti or filvery caft towards the abdo- 

 men ; the head, peAoral fins, and tail having a llrong fer- 

 ruginous call, and the firft dorfal fin being marked towards 

 its hind part by a large black fpot. 



The ftar-gazer is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and 

 Northern feas, frequenting chiefly the fhallow parts near the 

 (hores, and concealing itfelf in the mud, with the top of its 

 head only expofed : in this fituation it waves the bi.-ards of 

 the lips, and particularly the long cirrus of the mouth, in 

 various direftions, thus alluring the fmaller fifhes and marine 

 infefts that are near, who miftaking thefe organs for worms, 

 are inftantly feized by their concealed enemy. As an article 

 of food it is coarfe, and of an ill flavour : the gall was an- 

 ciently confidered as peculiarly efficacious in external dif- 

 orders of the eyes. 



The reafon of the fituation of the eyes of the uranofco- 

 pus, is the providence of nature for a fi(h, which, aUvays 

 keeping at the bottom, has no where to look for prey but in 

 the water above it. But if other fifh had been well exa- 

 mined, this peculiar name would never have been given to 

 this. The eyes of the rana ptfcatrix are placed in the fame 

 manner, and thofe of a great number of other fifh, whofe 

 cuftom it is to keep at the bottom, are more or lefs alfo thus 

 Jituated. Gefner. Gmelin. Shaw. 



Japonicus. With the back roughened by a femi-range 

 of fpinous fcales. Found in the fea encompafling Japan. 

 This is above yellow, and underneath white. 



URANUGRATZ, in Geography, a town of Croatia; 

 1 8 miles N.N.W. of Novi. 



URANUS, in Mythology, the great divinity of the 

 Phoenicians. According to Sanchoniathon, he was the fon of 

 £lion, called Hypfiftus, who lived in the neighbourhood of 

 Byblos, by his wife Beruth. Thefe had a fon, firft called 

 Epigeus, and afterwards Uranus, and a daughter named Ge. 

 The names of thefe two children the Greeks have given to 

 heaven aitd earth. Hypfiftus, having died at a hunting- 

 match, was advanced to divine honours, and had facrifices 

 and libations offered to him. Uranu? took pofTelTion of his 

 father's throne, and having married his fifter Ge, had feveral 

 children by her. Uranus, as the fabulous hiftory relates, 

 was expelled from the throne by his fon Chronus, on ac- 

 count of the offence given to his mother Ge by his infidehty, 

 who fucceedfd to his power. According to the thcogony 

 of the Atlantida:, who hvcd in the weftern parts of Africa, 

 preferved by Diodorus Siculus, Uranus, or Coclus, was 

 their firft king, and brought his fubjefts, who had before 

 his time wandered about without any fixed refidcnce, to five 

 in fociety, and to cultivate the ground. He alfo ftudied 

 aftronomy, and regul'^tcd the year by the courfc of the fun, 

 and the months by that oi the moon ; and by calculating 

 the motions of the heavenly bodies, he delivered prediAions, 

 the accomplilhmeiit of which aftoriifhed the Ailantida: to 

 fuch a degree, that tliey thought him divine, and after his 

 death enrolled him among the gods. Uranus had by his fe- 

 veral wives forty-five children, and by Titsa alone eighteen, 

 whence fprang tlnf appellation of Titans. S.e Titans. 



VRASA, 111 Geography, a town of Sweden, in the pro- 

 vince of Smaland ; i6 miles S. of Wexio. 



URATOOR, a town of Hindoollan, in the circar of 

 Cuddapa ; 14 miles W. of Cuddapa. 



VRAZZA, a town of Bulgaria, on the Ellicr ; 24 

 miles N.E. of Sophia. 



URB.'MN, St., a town of France, in the department 

 of the Upper Marne ; 3 miles S.E. of Joinville. 



URBAN I., Pope, in Biography, fucceeded Calixtus I. 

 A.D. 223, and occupied the poutifical chair till the year 



U R B 



i^^, when, as it is faid, he was beheaded under the empe- 

 ror Alexander Severus ; fo that the Roman fenate has 

 ranked him in the number of its martyrs. Bower. 



Urban II., Pope, named Olho, or Eudei, was bom, as 

 it has been generally thought, at Chatillon-fur-Marne, and 

 educated under Bruno, founder of the Carthufian order ; and 

 devoting himfelf to a monaftic life in the monaftery of Cluny, 

 became abbot of that inftitution. Being called to Rome, in 

 1078, by pope Gregory VII., he was made cardinal and 

 bifhop of Oftia ; and in J088, after the death of pope Vic- 

 tor III. in 1087, the Romans unanimoufly eleded him as 

 his fucceffor, when he affumed the name of Urban II. He 

 was no lefs proud and arrogant than his patron Gregory, 

 with lefs fortitude, but greater temerity. In the fecond 

 year of his pontificate he affembled a council at Rome, which 

 excommunicated the anti-pope Guibert, together with 

 Henry IV., of Germany, by whom he was fupported, and all 

 his adherents. He alfo held another council at Melfi, in 

 Apulia, which confirmed the decrees of Gregory againft 

 lay inveftitures and the marriage of the clergy. The pope, 

 in order to counteraft the power of the emperor, promoted 

 a marriage between Guelph, duke of Bavaria, and the 

 countels Matilda ; upon which Henr)' marched into Italy, 

 and having reduced Mantua, and other places, recalled Gui- 

 bert to Rome, and put him in poffefTion of the Lateran pa- 

 lace, when the emperor's progrefs was checked by the revolt 

 of his fon Conrad : under the inttigation or approbation of 

 Urban, Guibert was expelled, and Urban returned to Rome 

 in 1093. In the year 1095, a council was held at Placentia, 

 to which a folemn embalfy was fent by Alexius Comnenus, 

 emperor of Conftantinople, the objeft of which was to ftate 

 the opprefTions of the infidels, and to requeft alTiftance on 

 behalf of the Chriftians of ilie Eaft. The pope and feveral 

 great lords interefted themfelves in their taufe, and propofed 

 perfonally and otherwife to afford them fuccour. At this 

 council, the doftrine of tranfubllantiation was afferted ; the 

 marriage of the clergy was rigoroufly prohibited ; and Gui- 

 bert and his partifans were again anathematized. After an 

 interview between Conrad and the pope, he was recognized 

 as king of Italy, on the condition of an oath of allegiance to 

 the apoftolic fee. In 1095 Urban vifited France, and held 

 a council at Claremont, the firft bufinefs of which was the 

 excommunication of king Philip, for refufing to part with 

 Bertrade, who had been his miftrefs, and whom he had mar- 

 ried, after having repudiated his queen Bertha. Among 

 other canons paffed by this council, one forbade a bifhop or 

 prieft to promife fidelity to a king or any layman. The 

 " Treuga Dei" (fee Trucio of God) was ftrongly enforced, 

 and all former decrees relating to it were confirmed. But this 

 council rendered itfelf peculiarly famous, by firft introducing 

 the projcft of crufades. (See Croisade. ) During Ur- 

 ban's abode in France, he held other councils ; and in one 

 of them abfolvcd Philip, who had difmiffed Bertrade ; and 

 he returned to Italy in 1096. At Salerno he had an inter- 

 view, in IC98, with liogcr, duke of Sicily, when he is fup- 

 pofcd to have granted the bull of the " Monarchy of Si- 

 cily," in confequence of which, the fovereign of Sicily is 

 fiiprcme head of the church in his dominions. Although 

 the authenticity of this bull hss been difputed, the powers 

 confirmed by it have been occafionally exercifcd ever 

 fince that period. This pope took part with Anfelnj, 

 arehbilhop of Canterbury, and the other En^^hfh i-lergy, 

 againft William Rufus, who had made free with their tem- 

 poralities, and threatened the king with excommunication- 

 In the year IO99, the fecond cnilaile took place, in which 

 Jerufalem was captured ; but Urban did not live to receive 

 this agreeable intelligence ; for he terminated a bufy pontifi- 

 cate 



