URINE. 



affeftioii and the fi/.e of the animal. Where horfes are fub- 

 jeA to an obilniClion in the paffagcs of the urine from cal- 

 culi, but which is rarely the cafe, the proper method of cure 

 is, according to fome, to begin with ftrong diuretic remedies, 

 in conneftion with ftimulating clyfters ; and if there fhould 

 be any fufpicion of inflammation either in the kidneys or 

 ureters, it may be proper to bleed in a plentiful manner, to 

 the amount in fome cafes of three or four pints. And balls 

 compofed of the following ingredients are likewife advifcd 

 to be given and repeated two or three times the firft day, 

 and as often the next, as in fuch cafes no time is to be loft ; 

 far, if the horfc or other animal does not ftale or pafs urine 

 in the courfe of thirty hours, the cafe is moftly defperate : 

 Juniper-berries in fine powder, an ounce ; focotrine aloes 

 and nitre in powder, each fix drachms ; oil of turpentine, 

 three drachms, and of amber and juniper, each two drachms ; 

 liquorice powder and treacle, fufficient quantities to form a 

 mafs of fuitable confiftence for being divided into two balls, 

 to be given at one time as above. 



At the fame time a clyfter prepared in the following man- 

 ner may be thrown up with great benefit : Barbadoes aloes, 

 two ounces ; the fame quantity of turpentine, beaten up 

 with the yolks of eggs ; half an ounce of powdered jalap ; 

 four ounces of nitre, and juniper and bay berries bruifed, 

 each a fmall handful ; infufed in two quarts of a decoftion 

 of marlhmaliows, to which is then added a pint of linfeed 

 oil. 



Where thefe remedies fail in removing the complaint, the 

 horfe or other animal's loins are advifed to be rubbed with a 

 mixture of oil of turpentine and of amber, and to lay a ca- 

 taplafm over the fmall of the back and kidneys, formed of 

 pounded garlick, muftard-feed, camphor, and foap. This, 

 it is thought, may prove beneficial as a ftimulant to the kid- 

 neys, in cafe they happen to be deficient in nervous in- 

 fluence ; and that, in cafe of inflammation, the fame remedy 

 may aft as a bliiter without the danger of producing a ftran- 

 gury, and in that way too be of fervice. It fhould be 

 fpread on a coarfe flannel cloth doubled, bound on with a 

 broad woollen roller, and renewed once in two days, until 

 the horfe or other animal comes to ftale or pafs urine freely: 

 calomel too in the quantity of a drachm and a half or twa 

 drachms, made up into a ball, and repeated every two days, 

 once or twice, may be of ufe in cafes where the kidneys are 

 not inflamed ; after which the horfe or other animal may be 

 purged gently where it is neceflary. 



In cafes where the fuppreffion of urine is caufed by or at- 

 tended with ftrangury, after bleeding and opening the bowels 

 when neccfTary, a ball, compofed in the manner dircftcd be- 

 low, and given in a pint of the decoftion, once or twice in 

 the day, as there may be occafion, will often be found very 

 beneficial : pure opium in powder, half a drachm ; camphor 

 rubbed into a powder, three drachms ; nitre in powder, half 

 an ounce ; common foap, fix drachms ; balfam capivi fuf- 

 ficient to make them into a ball. 



In preparing the decoftion, four ounces of linfeed and 

 the fame quantity of mallow root bruifed, with three ounces 

 and a half of gvim arabic, fliould in the whole be boiled for 

 a few minutes in three pints of water, and the liquor then 

 ftrained oS for ufe as above. 



Wet cloths frequently fqueczcd out of a warm decoftion 

 of chamomile, and other fimilar herbs and flowers, may often 

 be applied with great benefit to the parts between the legs, 

 near to the neck of the bladder. 



The animals ftiould have maflice of bran, malt, and other 

 fuch matters, occafionally given to them, with warm water or 

 oatmeal gruel for drink. 



By thefe means, afFeftions of this fort may commonly bp 

 fpeedily removed without any great difficulty. 



Ultr.vK, Chemical Properties of. Perhaps no animal pro- 

 duft has more attrafted the attention of chemifts than the 

 urine, not only on account of its fuppofed conneftion with 

 difeafcs, but alio on account of its compound nature, and 

 Angular chemical properties. The older chemifts, Brandt, 

 Kunckel, Boyle, &c. were led to examine its nature chiefly 

 on account of the phofphorus which they extrafted from it. 

 Since their time others have examined it with different and 

 various views, among whom may be mentioned Boerhaave, 

 Haller, MargrafF, Pott, Rouelle jun., Cruickflianks, Four- 

 croy and Vauquelin, Prouft, Klaproth, and more lately 

 Berzelius, who has given by far the beft and moft rational 

 account of this fluid which has yet been publiflied. 



Frefh human urine differs confiderably in its appearance, 

 according to the ftate of a perfon's health, his food, or the 

 period at which it has been voided. In general, the urine of 

 a perfon in health, voided in the morning, is a tranfparent 

 liquid of a light amber colour, an aromatic odour, refem- 

 bling that of violets, and a difagreeable tafte. When it 

 cools, the aromatic fmell leaves it, and is fucceeded by an- 

 other, well known by the name of urinous. In two or three 

 days this is fucceeded by another, which has been compared 

 to that of four milk. This alfo gradually difappears, and i« 

 finally fucceeded by a fetid alkaline odour. 



Frefli urine, juft voided, reddens turnfole paper, and there- 

 fore contains a free acid. The fpecific gravity of urine, 

 according to Mr. Cruickfhanks, varies from I.OOJ to 1.033. 

 According to the recent experiments of Dr. Scudamore, the 

 fpecific gravity of healthy urine lies between 1. 010 and 

 1. 015. The fpecific gravity of morbid urine, according to 

 the fame author, is frequently as high as 1.030, and occa- 

 fionally as high as 1.040. 



We fliall give the refults of Berzelius's analyfis of this 

 fluid, and afterwards make fome remarks upon the more im- 

 portant ingredients contained in it. According to this accu- 

 rate chemift, 1 000 parts of urine are compofed of 



Water 



Urea - - 



Sul])hateof potafli . . - - - 



Sulphate of foda ------ 



Phofphate of fuda . - . - - 



Muriate of foda -.--.. 

 Phofphate of ammonia - . - . . 



Muriate of ammonia - - . . - 

 Free laftic acid -.--.. "j 

 Laftate of ammonia . - . - . 

 Animal matter foluble in alcohol, and ufually ac 



companying the laftates - . . . 

 Animal matter infoluble in alcohol - 

 Urea, not feparable from the preceding - - J 



Earthy phofphatcs, with a trace of fluate of lime 

 Uric acid ------- 



Mucus of the bladder 



Silex ........ 



933.00 

 30.10 



3-7 « 

 3.16 

 2.94 



4-45 

 1.65 



50 



'7-'4 



Of this analyfis, Berzelius remarks, that " the relative pro- 

 portions of the ingredients probably vary independently of 

 difeafe. I believe, however, tliat in urine they are never 

 very different, unlefs from pathological caufe«, whicli ma- 

 terially affcft the health." 



Of thefe numerous ingredients we (hall briefly fpeak of 

 3 Z 2 the 



